1、Report on Foundations for Dynamic Equipment Reported by ACI Committee 351 ACI 351.3R-18First Printing January 2018 ISBN: 978-1-945487-98-9 Report on Foundations for Dynamic Equipment Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be rep
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11、 Codes, Specifications, and Practices. American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: +1.248.848.3700 Fax: +1.248.848.3701 www.concrete.orgThis report presents to industry practitioners the various design criteria and methods and procedures of analysis, design
12、, and construction applied to foundations for dynamic equipment. Keywords: amplitude; foundation; reinforcement; vibration. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, p. 2 1.1Background, p. 2 1.2Purpose, p. 2 1.3Scope, p. 2 CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 3 2.1Notation, p. 3 2.2Definitions, p. 5 CHAPTER
13、3FOUNDATION AND MACHINE TYPES, p. 5 3.1General considerations, p. 5 3.2Machine types, p. 5 3.3Foundation types, p. 6 CHAPTER 4DESIGN LOADS, p. 8 4.1Overview of design loads and criteria, p. 8 4.2Static machine loads, p. 9 4.3Dynamic machine loads, p. 11 4.4Environmental loads, p. 17 4.5Load conditio
14、ns, p. 17 4.6Load combinations, p. 18 CHAPTER 5IMPEDANCE OF THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM, p. 18 5.1Overview and use of soil impedance, p. 18 5.2Basic dynamic concepts, p. 19 5.3Calculation of dynamic foundation impedances, p. 21 5.4Dynamic impedance of soil-supported foundations, p. 22 5.5Dynamic impedance
15、 of pile foundations, p. 28 5.6Transformed impedance relative to center of gravity, p. 35 5.7Added mass concept, p. 35 5.8Sample impedance calculations, p. 36 Mukti L. Das * , Chair Susan Isble * , Secretary ACI 351.3R-18 Report on Foundations for Dynamic Equipment Reported by ACI Committee 351 Omes
16、h B. Abhat * William L. Bounds * William D. Brant * Michael M. Chehab Shu-Jin Fang * Fred R. Goodwin Ping Jiang David Kerins * Hoan-Kee Kim Robert R. McGlohn Abbas Mokhtar-Zadeh Carl A. Nelson * Richard OMalley Michael A. Paipal Ira W. Pearce William E. Rushing Jr. Larry W. Schulze * Widianto * F. A
17、lan Wiley Sheng-Chi Wu Curtis R. Yokoyama Consulting Members Navin N. Pandya Shamsher Prakash Robert L. Rowan Jr. The committee would like to thank the following people for their contribution to this report: H. Liu, *C. Coronado, *and X. Wang. * * Indicates members of the subcommittee who prepared t
18、he report. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations
19、and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made
20、 in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. ACI 351.3R-18 supersedes ACI 351.3R-04 and was adopted and published January
21、 2018. Copyright 2018, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reprod
22、uction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 1CHAPTER 6VIBRATION ANAL YSIS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA, p. 40 6.1Overview, p. 40 6.2Modeling for rigid foundations, p. 41 6.3Modeling for flexible foundations, p.
23、 42 6.4Solution methods, p. 46 6.5Frequency analysis, p. 49 6.6Forced response analysis, p. 50 6.7Sample calculations, p. 52 CHAPTER 7DESIGN AND MATERIALS, p. 56 7.1Overview of design methods, p. 56 7.2Concrete, p. 59 7.3Reinforcement, p. 61 7.4Machine anchorage, p. 62 7.5Elastic support systems, p.
24、 63 7.6Grout, p. 63 7.7Seismic design considerations, p. 64 7.8Fatigue considerations, p. 64 7.9Special considerations for compressor block post- tensioning, p. 64 7.10Sample calculations, p. 64 CHAPTER 8CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS, p. 67 8.1Subsurface preparation and improvement, p. 67 CHAPTER 9REP
25、AIR AND UPGRADE, p. 67 9.1Overview of need for repair, p. 67 9.2Discussion of repair options, p. 68 CHAPTER 10REFERENCES, p. 69 Authored documents, p. 71 APPENDIX ADYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES, p. 73 A.1Poissons ratio, p. 73 A.2Dynamic shear modulus, p. 74 A.3Soil damping, p. 75 A.4Radiation damping, p.
26、76 CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION 1.1Background Machinery with rotating, reciprocating, or impacting masses requires a foundation that can resist dynamic forces. Precise machine alignment should be maintained, and foun- dation vibrations should be controlled to ensure proper func- tioning of the machinery du
27、ring its design service life. Successful design of such foundations for dynamic equip- ment involves close collaboration and cooperation among machine manufacturers, geotechnical engineers, engineers, owners, and construction personnel. Because different manufacturers may have very different foundat
28、ion accep- tance criteria and their own practices with regards to foun- dation design requirements, strict adherence to ACI 318 alone may not be necessarily appropriate for certain foun- dations that support heavy industrial equipment, such as steam turbine generators, combustion turbine generators,
29、 or compressors. In addition, different practicing engineering firms may use design approaches based on past successful performance of foundations, even though these may not be the most economical designs. Therefore, this report summarizes current design practices to present a common approach, in pr
30、inciple, for various types of concrete founda- tions supporting dynamic equipment. Compared to the previous edition, this document has been reorganized to make the document more systematic and user-friendly. More detailed information on the following subjects has been added on the behavior of founda
31、tions subjected to dynamic machine forces: a) Impedance of the supporting medium (both soil- supported and pile-supported foundations) b) General overview of vibration analysis (including finite-element modeling) and acceptance criteria, including finite-element analysis c) Determination of various
32、soil properties required for dynamic analysis of machine foundations Example problems have been reworked and improved with some additional details to better illustrate the imple- mentation of the calculation procedure in a manual calcula- tion. Latest relevant references have been added to capture t
33、he current practice. 1.2Purpose The purpose of this report is to present general guidelines and current engineering practices in the analysis and design of rein- forced concrete foundations supporting dynamic equipment. This report presents and summarizes, with reference materials, various design cr
34、iteria, methods and procedures of analysis, and construction practices currently applied to dynamic equipment foundations by industry practitioners. 1.3Scope This document is limited in scope to the engineering, construction, repair, and upgrade of concrete foundations for dynamic equipment. For the
35、 purposes of this document, dynamic equipment includes the following: a) Rotating machinery b) Reciprocating machinery c) Impact or impulsive machinery ACI 351.1R provides an overview of current design prac- tice on grouting. Design practices for foundations supporting static equipment are discussed
36、 in ACI 351.2R. There are many technical areas that are common to both dynamic equipment and static equipment foundations. Various aspects of the analysis design and construction of foundations for static equipment are addressed in ACI 351.2R. To simplify the presentation, this report is limited in
37、scope to primarily address the design and material require- ments that are pertinent only to dynamic equipment foun- dations. Engineers are advised to refer to ACI 351.2R for more information on the foundation design criteria (static loadings, load combinations, design strength, stiffness, and stabi
38、lity) and design methods for static loads. In particular, ACI 351.2R provides detailed coverage on the design of anchorage of equipment to concrete foundations. Note that American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org 2 REPORT ON FOUNDATIONS FOR DYNAMIC EQUIPMENT (ACI 351.3R-18)AC
39、I 351.2R was published prior to a major revision to ACI 318 and some of the section numbers that it references in ACI 318 may have changed. CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1Notation A = steady-state vibration amplitude, in. (mm) A head , A crank= head and crank areas, in. 2(mm 2 ) A p= cross-sec
40、tional area of the pile, in. 2(mm 2 ) a, b = plan dimension of a rectangular foundation, ft (m) a o= dimensionless frequency B c= cylinder bore diameter, in. (mm) B i= mass ratio for the i-th direction B mf= machine footprint width, ft (m) B M= width of mat foundation, ft (m) B r= ram weight, tons (
41、kN) b 1 , b 2= constants 0.425 and 0.687, respectively C = damping coefficient or total damping at center of resistance C = damping matrix C CR= critical damping coefficient C i1 ,C i2 = dimensionless stiffness and damping parameters, subscription i = u, v, , c = viscous damping constant, lbf-s/ft (
42、N-s/m) c i= damping constant for the i-th direction c i (adj) = adjusted damping constant for the i-th direction c ij= equivalent viscous damping of pile j in the i-th direction CG = center of gravity CF = center of force c gi= pile group damping in the i-th direction D = damping ratio D i= damping
43、ratio for the i-th direction D rod= rod diameter, in. (mm) d = pile diameter, in (mm) d s= displacement of the slide, in. (mm) d mf= distance from machine shaft centerline to top of foundation, ft (m) E = static Youngs modulus of concrete, psi (MPa) E d= dynamic Youngs modulus of concrete, psi (MPa)
44、 E p= Youngs modulus of the pile, psi (MPa) e m= mass eccentricity, in. (mm) F = peak value of harmonic dynamic load (force or moment) F 1= correction factor F block= force acting outward on the block from which concrete stresses should be calculated, lbf (N) (F bolt ) CHG= force to be restrained by
45、 friction at the crosshead guide tie-down bolts, lbf (N) (F bolt ) frame= force to be restrained by friction at the frame tie-down bolts, lbf (N) F D= damper force, lbf (N) F GMAX= maximum horizontal gas force on a throw or cylinder, lbf (N) F IMAX= maximum horizontal inertia force on a throw or cyl
46、inder, lbf (N) F K= force in vibration isolator spring, lbf (N) F o= dynamic force amplitude (zero-to-peak), lbf (N) F pl= lateral/longitudinal pseudo-dynamic design force, lbf (N) F pv= vertical pseudo-dynamic design force, lbf (N) F r= maximum horizontal dynamic force, lbf (N) F red= force reducti
47、on factor to account for the fraction of individual cylinder load carried by the compressor frame (frame rigidity factor) F rod= force acting on piston rod, lbf (N) F s= dynamic inertia force of slide, lbf (N) F THROW = horizontal force to be resisted by each throws anchor bolts, lbf (N) F(t) = gene
48、ric representation of time-varying load (force or moment) horizontal F unbalance= maximum value applied using parameters for a horizontal compressor cylinder, lbf (N) f c = specified concrete compressive strength, psi (MPa) f i1 , f i2= dimensionless pile stiffness and damping functions for the i-th
49、 direction f o= operating speed, rpm G, G *= dynamic shear modulus of the soil, psi (MPa) G p J = torsional stiffness of the pile, lbf-ft 2(N-m 2 ) G s= dynamic shear modulus of the embedment (side) material, psi (MPa) H = depth of soil layer, ft (m) I g= gross area moment of inertia, in. 2(mm 2 ) I p= moment of inertia of the pile cross section in. 4(mm 4 ) i = 1 i = directional indicator or modal indicator, as a subscript K = stiffness or total stiffness at center of resistance, lbf/ ft (N/m) or lbf-ft/rad
