1、ACI 376M-11Code Requirements for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures for the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases and CommentaryAn ACI StandardReported by ACI Committee 376(metric)First Printing: August 2013Errata as of: October 12, 2015Code Requirements for Design and Construction
2、 of Concrete Structures for the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases and CommentaryCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other d
3、istribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or
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5、iodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the mate-rial it
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11、 through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 24
12、8-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN-13: 978-0-87031-841-2ISBN: 0-87031-841-1American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeACI 376M-11Code Requirements for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures for the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases (ACI 376M-11) and Comment
13、aryAn ACI StandardReported by ACI Committee 376Neven Krstulovic-Opara, Chair Piotr D. Moncarz, SecretaryJunius AllenDale Berner Mike S. BrannanHamish DouglasCharles S. HanskatHumayun HashmiAlan D. HatfieldKare HjortesetGeorge C. HoffRichard A. HoffmannJohn Holleyoak Joseph HoptayThomas R. HoweDajiu
14、JiangJameel U. Khalifa Nicholas A. LegatosPraveen K. MalhotraKeith A. MashStephen MeierRobert W. NussmeierRolf P. PawskiRamanujam S. RajanWilliam E. Rushing Jr.Robert W. SwardEric S. ThompsonSheng-Chi WuConsulting membersRobert ArvedlundJames P. LewisTerry TurpinNote: Special acknowledgment to Jeffr
15、ey Garrison for his contributions to this document.Keywords: bund wall; commissioning; cryogenic; damage stability; decom-missioning; earthquake design levels; fatigue; float out; floating storage unit; foundation heating; gravity base structure; impact loads; liners; liquefied natural gas; liquid s
16、tratification; permanent ballast; purging; refrigerated liquefied gas; reinforcement (cryogenic); tanks; thermal corner protection.CONTENTSINTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3CHAPTER 1GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51.1Scope51.2Quality assurance 6CH
17、APTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS . . . . .72.1Notation72.2Definitions8CHAPTER 3REFERENCED STANDARDS . . . . .14CHAPTER 4MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184.1Testing of materials184.2Cementitious materials .184.3Aggregates 184.4Water .194.5Admixtures 194.6Fibers.194.7Deformed reinforcem
18、ent194.8Plate steel composite with concrete .204.9Prestressed reinforcement .214.10Prestressing anchorages .214.11Post-tensioning ducts .224.12Grout 224.13Metal liners and nonstructural metal components .224.14Insulation.234.15Coating requirements .231ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries
19、are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of t
20、he material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are
21、desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 376M-11 was adopted November 28, 2011, and was published August 2013.Copyright 2013, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved
22、including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unles
23、s permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.CHAPTER 5DESIGN LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245.1Design loads .245.2Loading conditions 28CHAPTER 6MINIMUM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316.1General .316.2Primary concrete cont
24、ainer 316.3Secondary concrete container 346.4Roof performance criteria.356.5Other performance criteria 356.6Concrete quality 366.7Shotcrete 406.8Coating design .406.9Metal components.41CHAPTER 7LOAD FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427.1General .427.2Load factors for ultimate limit state of prim
25、ary container 427.3Load factors for ultimate limit state of secondary container 45CHAPTER 8ANALYSIS AND DESIGN . . . . . . . . .498.1Methods of analysis .498.2Design basis .548.3Foundation design.548.4Wall design 558.5Roof design 58CHAPTER 9DETAILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .609.1General
26、 .609.2Reinforcement details 609.3Internal prestressing systems 619.4External prestressing systems 639.5Concrete containment wall 639.6Metal components.659.7Anchorage to concrete .669.8Liners and coatings 67CHAPTER 10FOUNDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6910.1General 6910.2Geotechnical investiga
27、tion .6910.3Design requirements for shallow foundations 7210.4Design requirements for deep foundations .7610.5Ground improvement .8010.6Foundation details8010.7Foundation performance monitoring details8210.8Monitoring frequency .8410.9Inspection and testing .85CHAPTER 11CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8711.1Construction plan 8711.2Tolerances 8711.3Shotcrete for external prestressing systems 9011.4Post-tensioning 9111.5Winding of prestressed reinforcement: wire or strand 9511.6Forming9511.7Construction joints .9711.8Concrete embedments.9711.9Coatin
29、gs .9811.10Welding .98CHAPTER 12COMMISSIONING/DECOMMISSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9912.1Scope9912.2Testing.9912.3Pressure and vacuum testing.10412.4Purging into service .10512.5Cool-down.10612.6Settlement and movement monitoring .10812.7Liquefied natural gas tank fill meth
30、ods.10912.8Decommissioning: purging out of service and warm-up .10912.9Recordkeeping .11112.10Nameplate 111APPENDIX ATANK CONFIGURATIONS, DETAILS, AND EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113RA.1Tank configurations .113RA.2Full-containment tanks: typical details 113RA.3Example
31、s of base joint details.113APPENDIX BOFFSHORE CONCRETE TERMINALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124B.1Scope .124B.2General 124B.3Loads and load combinations.125B.4Concrete and reinforcement materials 128B.5Global and local structural analysis 129B.6Criteria and methodolog
32、y of concrete sectional design .131B.7Fatigue performance criteria .132B.8Design considerations during construction, transportation, and installation 132B.9Decommissioning135B.10Design for accidents.135APPENDIX CFATIGUE PERFORMANCE . . . . .139C.1Scope .139C.2General 139C.3Fatigue performance criter
33、ia .139COMMENTARY REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR CONTAINMENT OF REFRIGERATED LIQUEFIED GASES (ACI 376M-11)INTRODUCTIONACI Committee 376 was formed and subsequently ACI 376-11 was draf
34、ted in response to a request from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Technical Committee 59A on liquefied natural gas (LNG). That committee is responsible for NFPA 59A, which is an internationally recognized standard governing the production, storage, and handling of LNG at an operating
35、 temperature of 168C.NFPA 59A contains provisions for the use of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete for two principal applica-tions: 1) impoundmentsecondary containment in conjunc-tion with a metallic primary container; and 2) storageprimary containment. NFPA 59A is somewhat limited; it do
36、es not provide guidelines specifically tailored to concrete use at cryogenic temperatures. This limitation was the impetus for Committee 59As request. Although the request was related specifically to containment of LNG, this code addresses concrete use for other refrigerated liquefied gas (RLG) as w
37、ell, ranging in operating temperatures from +4 to 200C. This makes the code and commentary analogous to the American Petroleum Institutes API 620, which governs design and construction of steel and aluminum RLG storage tanks to 168C.The most common use of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete
38、 in cryogenic storage applications is for secondary containment around metal primary storage tanks. Prestressed concrete primary containment tanks were built in North America and Europe from the 1960s through the 1980s. Renewed interest in the use of concrete for primary containment and the need for
39、 a code that addressed secondary concrete containment led to the development of this code, which includes pertinent excerpts from ACI 318M-11 and ACI 350M-06. The commentary includes considerations by the committee in developing the code.The commentary is not intended to provide a complete historica
40、l background concerning development of the code, nor is it intended to provide a detailed summary of the studies and research data reviewed by the committee in formulating its provisions. References to specific research data are provided for more in-depth study of the background materials.ACI 376M m
41、ay be used as a part of a legally adopted code and, as such, must differ in form and substance from docu-ments that provide detailed specifications, recommended practice, complete design procedures, or design aids.Requirements more stringent than the code provisions are desirable for unusual structu
42、res. This code and commentary cannot replace sound engineering knowledge, experience, and judgment. A code for design and construction states the minimum requirements necessary to provide for public health and safety. ACI 376M is based on this principle. For any structure, the owner and engineer may
43、 require the quality of materials and construction to be higher than the minimum requirements necessary to provide serviceability and to protect the public as stated in the code. Lower stan-dards, however, are not permitted.ACI 376M has no legal status unless it is adopted by regu-latory bodies. Whe
44、re the code has not been adopted, it may serve as a reference to good practice. The code provides a means of establishing minimum standards for acceptance of design and construction by a legally appointed official or designated representative. The code and commentary are not intended for use in sett
45、ling disputes between the owner, engineer, contractor, or their agents, subcontrac-tors, material suppliers, or testing agencies. Therefore, the code cannot define the contract responsibility of each of the parties in typical construction. General references requiring compliance with ACI 376M in the
46、 job specifications should be avoided because the contractor is rarely in a position to accept responsibility for design details or construction requirements that depend on a detailed knowledge of the design. Generally, the contract documents should contain all of the necessary requirements to ensur
47、e compliance with the code. In part, this can be accomplished by reference to specific code sections in the job specifications. Other ACI publications, such as ACI 301M, are written specifically for use as contract documents for construction.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concre
48、te.orgREQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR CONTAINMENT OF REFRIGERATED LIQUEFIED GASES (ACI 376M-11) 3American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org4 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR CONTAINMENT OF REFRIGERATED LIQUEFIED GASES (ACI 376M-11)CHAPTER 1GENERAL1.1ScopeThis c
49、ode provides minimum requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures for the storage and containment of refrigerated liquefied gases (RLG) with service temperatures between +4 and 200C. Notwithstanding, the principals listed herein are applicable to concrete foundations of double-steel tanks subject to the approval of the owner.Container design shall include the design of the container wall, its foundation (footing a
