1、ACI 440.3R-12Guide Test Methods for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Reinforcing or Strengthening Concrete and Masonry StructuresReported by ACI Committee 440First PrintingAugust 2012Guide Test Methods for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Reinforcing or Strengthening Concre
2、te and Masonry StructuresCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI
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12、American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeACI 440.3R-12Guide Test Methods for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Reinforcing or Strengthening Concrete and Masonry StructuresReported by ACI Committee 440Carol K. Shield, Chair William J. Gold, SecretaryTarek AlkhrdajiCharles E.
13、 Bakis*Lawrence C. BankAbdeldjelil BelarbiBrahim BenmokraneLuke A. BisbyGregg J. BlaszakHakim BouadiTimothy E. BradberryGordon L. Brown Jr.Vicki L. BrownJohn P. BuselRaafat El-HachaGarth J. FallisAmir Z. FamNabil F. GraceMark F. GreenZareh B. GregorianDoug D. GremelShawn P. GrossH. R. Trey Hamilton
14、IIIIssam E. HarikKent A. HarriesMark P. HendersonBohdan N. HoreczkoMichael W. LeeMaria Lopez de MurphyIbrahim M. MahfouzAmir MirmiranJohn J. MyersAntonio NanniAyman M. OkeilCarlos E. OspinaRenato ParrettiMax L. PorterAndrea ProtaHayder A. RasheedSami H. RizkallaRajan SenRudolf SeracinoPedro F. Silva
15、Khaled A. SoudkiSamuel A. Steere IIIJay ThomasHoussam A. ToutanjiJ. Gustavo TumialanMilan VatovecDavid WhiteSarah E. Witt*Chair of authoring subcommittee.Consulting membersP. N. BalaguruCraig A. BallingerHarald G. F. BudelmannC. J. BurgoyneElliot P. DouglasRami M. ElhassanDavid M. GaleRussell Gentry
16、Arie GerritseSrinivasa L. IyerKoichi KishitaniHoward S. KligerKyuichi MaruyamaAntoine E. NaamanMark A. PostmaHajime OkamuraFerdinand S. RostasyMohsen ShahawySurendra P. ShahYasuhisa SonobeMinoru SugitaLuc R. TaerweRalejs TepfersTaketo UomotoPaul Zia1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries ar
17、e intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the
18、 material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are de
19、sired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 440.3R-12 supersedes ACI 440.3R-04 and was adopted and published August 2012.Copyright 2012, American Concrete InstituteAll rights rese
20、rved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device,
21、unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.Due to differences in the physical and mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials compared to steel, unique test methods for FRP bars and laminates are required. This guide provides model test methods for th
22、e short- and long-term mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and durability testing of FRP bars and laminates. It is anticipated that these model test methods may be considered, modified, and adopted, either in whole or in part, by a U.S. national standards-writing agency such as ASTM International or AASH
23、TO. The publication of these test methods by ACI Committee 440 is an effort to aid in this adoption. The recom-mended test methods are based on the knowledge gained world-wide from review of research results and literature.Keywords: anchorage; bond; coupler; creep; fatigue; fiber-reinforced polymer
24、composites; modulus of elasticity; shear; splice; stirrup; strength; tendon.CONTENTSPart 1General, p. 21.1Introduction1.2Scope1.3Existing ASTM test methods1.4Definitions1.5NotationPart 2Test methods for FRP bars, p. 5B.1Test method for cross-sectional properties of FRP barsB.2Test method for longitu
25、dinal tensile properties of FRP barsB.3Test method for bond strength of FRP bars by pullout testingB.4Test method for transverse shear strength of FRP barsB.5Test method for strength of FRP bent bars and stir-rups in bend locationsB.6Accelerated test method for alkali resistance of FRP barsB.7Test m
26、ethod for tensile fatigue of FRP barsB.8Test method for creep rupture of FRP barsB.9Test method for long-term relaxation of FRP barsB.10Test method for performance of anchorages of FRP barsB.11Test method for tensile properties of deflected FRP barsB.12Test method for determining effect of corner ra
27、dius on tensile strength of FRP barsPart 3Test methods for FRP laminates, p. 22L.1Test method for direct tension pulloff testL.2Test method for tension test of flat specimenL.3Test method for overlap splice tension testReferences, p. 22PART 1GENERAL1.1IntroductionConventional concrete and masonry st
28、ructures are rein-forced with nonprestressed steel, prestressed steel, or both. Recently, composite materials made of fibers embedded in a polymeric resin, also known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, have become an alternative to steel reinforcement. Because FRP materials are nonmetalli
29、c and noncorrosive, the problems of steel corrosion are avoided with FRP reinforce-ment. Additionally, FRP materials exhibit several properties, such as high tensile strength, that make them suitable for use as structural reinforcement. FRP materials are supplied as bars for reinforced and prestress
30、ing applications and in flat sheets or laminates for use as repair materials.The mechanical behavior of FRP differs from the behavior of steel reinforcement. FRP materials, which are anisotropic due to the fiber orientation in the bars and laminates, are characterized by high tensile strength only i
31、n the direction of the reinforcing fibers. This anisotropic behavior affects the shear strength and dowel action of FRP bars and the bond performance of FRP bars to concrete.FRP composites are available with a wide range of mechan-ical properties, including tensile strengths, bond strengths, and ela
32、stic moduli. Generally, FRP composites are not covered by national material standards. Instead, manufacturers of FRP composites provide test data and recommend design values based on these test data. Therefore, it is difficult to compare test results between product manufacturers. In addition, resea
33、rch has considered the durability of FRP reinforcement in environments containing moisture, high and low tempera-tures, and alkaline environments. Test methods that allow for the comparison of mechanical property retention in a wide range of standard environments are needed so that durable FRP-reinf
34、orced structures can be ensured.1.2ScopeThis guide provides model test methods for determining the short- and long-term mechanical properties of FRP rein-forcing bars, grids, tendons, and laminatesboth prestressed and nonprestressedfor concrete and masonry structures. As noted in the individual meth
35、ods, most of the methods for bars are also suitable for sections cut from grids. Where necessary, the tests consider the bars and laminates tested embedded in or bonded to concrete or masonry. For the most part, however, these tests are considered to be material tests and not component or structural
36、 tests.These model test methods are intended for consideration, modification, and adoption, either in whole or in part, by a U.S. national standards-writing agency such as ASTM Inter-national or AASHTO. The publication of these test methods by ACI Committee 440 is an effort to aid in this adoption.T
37、he guide contains only test methods and not material standards. The individual test methods contained in this guide do not specify minimum material properties that must be met for the materials to be considered acceptable for use. Guidance on deciding whether a material is acceptable based on test r
38、esults is made in the material specifications and design provisions that complement these test methods (ACI 440.1R; ACI 440.2R; ACI 440.6).The test methods presented in this guide are the recom-mendations of ACI Committee 440, and have not been adopted by ACI as standards. As such, they are, for the
39、 most part, written in nonmandatory language, using “should” American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 FRP COMPOSITES FOR REINFORCING OR STRENGTHENING CONCRETE AND MASONRY STRUCTURES (ACI 440.3R-12)and “may” rather than “shall” and “must.” In keeping with the usual test metho
40、d format, however, some language is imperative (“Fill a cylinder with water.” rather than “A cylinder should be filled with water.”). Although typically considered to be mandatory language, the use of imperative language in these test methods is for readability, and remains as committee recommendati
41、ons only.1.3Existing ASTM test methodsThe recommended test methods provided herein are based on the knowledge obtained worldwide from review of research results and literature. Relevant ASTM standards are referenced in the individual methods; others are listed in Table 1.3. In many cases, existing A
42、STM test methods are appropriate to determine material properties for FRP bars and laminates. Where such methods are completely acceptable for FRP reinforcement, no new method has been proposed. The new methods that are provided have been developed for one or more of the following reasons:a) To prov
43、ide a test method where no current method existsb) To provide more detailed requirements that are specific to FRP reinforcing bars or laminates, such as details on how to grip the reinforcement in the test fixturec) To adapt a test method originally developed for steel reinforcing bars to work with
44、FRP barsd) To provide calculated test results compatible with other ACI documents.Table 1.3 lists specific ASTM test methods and comple-mentary ACI 440.3R methods for various material properties. Where both ASTM and ACI 440.3R test methods exist, the differences between the methods are summarized. H
45、undreds of ASTM test methods are applicable to FRP composites and organic polymers. The table only describes key material properties and selected ASTM tests that can be used to deter-mine these properties. For some properties, ASTM provides more than one test procedure. The table does not attempt to
46、 discuss the differences between various ASTM test methods.1.4DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/terminology.concrete.org. The definitions provided herein complement that resource.alkalinehaving a pH greater than
47、7 (OHconcentration greater than 1 107M).anchoragedevice at the ends of an FRP tendon that grips the tendon, allowing a minimum of slip and transfer-ring prestressing load from the tendon to the abutment.anchorage reinforcementlatticed or spiral reinforcing steel or FRP bars provided as confining rei
48、nforcement for the anchorage and arranged in front of it.anchoring sectionFRP bar section embedded in the anchorage and anchorage reinforcement, including the surrounding concrete or masonry.aramid fiberhighly oriented organic fiber derived from polyamide incorporating into an aromatic ring structur
49、e.average load (stress) mean value of the maximum and minimum repeated loads (stresses).bend capacityultimate tensile stress carried by the FRP stirrup, provided that failure occurs in the bend.bend radiusinside radius of the bend.bending angleangle formed by the straight sections of a specimen on either side of the deflector.bending diameter ratioratio of the external diameter of the deflector surface in contact with the FRP bar to the diameter of the FRP bar.bending tensile capacitytensile capacity at failure of a specimen within the deflecte
