1、ACI 533R-11Guide for Precast Concrete Wall PanelsReported by ACI Committee 533First PrintingMarch 2012Guide for Precast Concrete Wall PanelsCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any
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10、ts are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country C
11、lub DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN 978-0-87031-756-91ACI 533R-11Guide for Precast Concrete Wall PanelsReported by ACI Committee 533Brian D. Miller, Chair David Wan, SecretaryGeorge F. BatyHarry A. ChambersAaron W. FinkSidney FreedmanHarr
12、y A. GleichAllan R. KenneyBenjamin LavonDonald F. MeinheitLarbi M. SennourVenkatesh SeshappaAva ShypulaThomas J. Grisinger, Consulting MemberWeilan Song, Consulting MemberThis guide presents recommendations for precast concrete wall panels. It should be used with ACI 318-08, “Building Code Requireme
13、nts for Structural Reinforced Concrete,” which is legally binding when adopted by the local authority. This guide discusses the basic principles of design, tolerances, materials, fabrication, installation, quality requirements, and testing.Keywords: admixtures; aggregates; architectural concrete; co
14、atings; cracking (fracturing); curing; deflection; design; drying shrinkage; fabrica-tion; formwork; inspection; installation joints (junction); precast concrete panels; repairs; sandwich panels; sealants; structural design; surface defects; tolerances; volume change.CONTENTSChapter 1General conside
15、rations, p. 21.1Introduction1.2Scope1.3Responsibility1.4Aesthetic considerationsChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 42.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Wall panel design, p. 43.1Introduction3.2Design guidelines3.3Effective dimensions3.4Limiting dimensions3.5Serviceability3.6Connections3.7Architectu
16、ral featuresChapter 4Tolerances, p. 84.1General4.2Reasons for tolerances4.3Role of the engineer/architect4.4Product tolerances for wall panels4.5Installation tolerances for wall panels4.6Interfacing considerations4.7Clearances and tolerances for constructibilityChapter 5Materials, p. 135.1Introducti
17、on5.2Portland cement5.3Aggregates for structural or backup concrete5.4Facing aggregates5.5Admixtures5.6Insulating materials and wythe connectors for insu-lated sandwich walls5.7Reinforcement5.8Inserts and miscellaneous hardware5.9Curing materials and sealers5.10Joint sealants and fillersACI Committe
18、e Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept res
19、ponsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents.
20、If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 533R-11 supersedes ACI 533R-93 and was adopted and published March 2012.Copyright 2012, American
21、Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowled
22、ge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.5.11Chemical retarders5.12Form release agentsChapter 6Panel fabrication and delivery, p. 19 6.1General requirements6.2Molds (forms and casting beds)6.3Concrete proportioning and mixing6.4Reinfor
23、cement and wythe connectors6.5Concrete placement6.6Surface finishes6.7Concrete curing6.8Storage6.9DeliveryChapter 7Installation, p. 317.1Planning and preparation7.2Unloading and handling7.3Job site storage7.4Installation7.5Tolerances7.6Cleaning7.7Patching and repairingChapter 8Quality requirements a
24、nd tests, p. 418.1Introduction8.2Unacceptable defects8.3Structural adequacy8.4Prestressing8.5Materials8.6Testing fresh concrete8.7Testing hardened concrete8.8DocumentationChapter 9References, p. 45CHAPTER 1GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS1.1IntroductionThe widespread popularity of concrete as a building mate-
25、rial can be attributed to the availability, favorable proper-ties, and geographic distribution of its naturally-occurring mineral constituents. Concrete is easily formed and molded, comparatively economical, and durable in its finished state. Architectural precast panel use has increased because of
26、the nature of concrete as a material and the fact that prefabricated components add to construction efficiency. By exposing decorative aggregates, using veneer facing materials, and by varying sizes, shapes, and textures of panels, the engineer/architect can respond creatively to client needs.1.2Sco
27、peThis document provides guidelines for specifying, plan-ning, designing, fabrication, and erecting precast concrete wall panels. Although the focus is on precast wall panels produced in established precasting plants, site precasting is an option that has been used successfully. Tilt-up concrete, as
28、 discussed in ACI 551.1R-05, is a variation of site precasting. ACI 533R should aid in establishing and maintaining quality site fabrication as well as plant fabrication of precast wall panels.This guide covers non-load-bearing or load-bearing panels, fabricated of normal or lightweight concrete. Pa
29、nels may be one of the following types: Solid Insulated (sandwich) Ribbed Hollow-core SculpturedIn addition to reinforced panels, lightly prestressed (effec-tive prestress, after all losses, between 150 and 225 psi 1.0 and 1.7 MPa) and prestressed panels are covered. Structural design considerations
30、 addressed in Chapter 3 include the use of panels as shear wall components.Emphasis is placed on wall panels with an integral exposed aggregate concrete surface finish. Smooth wall panels and panels with a textured or shaped architectural surface finish are included. Panels having natural stone vene
31、er or ceramic veneer finishes are not covered in detail.1.3Responsibility1.3.1 GeneralContractual agreements should assign responsibilities to avoid disagreements on basic definitions and decisions originating from the specifying agency. A special report of an ad hoc committee for the responsibility
32、 for design of precast concrete structures was published by the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI 1988) and recommends assignment of authority and responsibility for design and construction of precast concrete structures.This guide covers the design of panels by an engineer/architect. ACI
33、Committee 533 presents supplemental design guidelines that are special to precast concrete wall panels and should be used with ACI 318-08. ACI 318-08 provides minimum design requirements and is legally binding when adopted by the local authority.Overlapping responsibilities for the structural design
34、 of wall panels may introduce conflicts between the engineer/architect and general contractor regarding contract document review, design for handling, installation stresses, in-place loads, and adequacy of connections. It is essential that work assignments and responsibilities be clearly defined in
35、the contractual arrangements.1.3.2 Structural designThe engineer/architect can benefit from preconstruction contact with panel producers. Handling and installation procedures vary widely, and guidelines for these operations should correspond with local practices but be consistent with Chapter 3 of t
36、his guide. Most precasters maintain an engineering staff to prepare contract documents and the engineer/architect should interact with this group to obtain constructive advice and suggestions concerning local practice, fabrication details, and fabrication capabilities. When possible, this discussion
37、 should take place during the initial design phases of a construction project. Once a job is released for bidding and the structural concepts have been established, changes may be difficult to implement.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 GUIDE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE WALL
38、 PANELS (ACI 533R-11)1.3.3 Reinforcement for handling and installationGenerally, the engineer/architect relies on the manufacturer for developing handling techniques and providing any addi-tional reinforcement required for withstanding handling or installation stresses. The engineer/architect may wi
39、sh to review calculations for handling stresses.Contract documents may require the manufacturer to accept responsibility for design of panels to resist the loads shown and to resist other loads that occur during strip-ping, handling, shipping, and installation. In this case, it is common for contrac
40、t documents to require that design calculations and installation drawings provided by the panel manufacturer be signed by a professional engineer who is either retained or employed by the manufacturer. When the load information in the contract documents is insufficient, the manufacturer should ask f
41、or additional information from the engineer of record.1.3.4 Adequacy of connectionsContract drawings prepared by the engineer/architect should show the connec-tions required and the load support points in sufficient detail to permit construction. During the preparation of shop draw-ings, manufacture
42、rs should be given the opportunity to rede-sign the connections if redesign will achieve economical details that facilitate manufacture or installation. If connec-tions are designed by the engineer/architect, the manufac-turer should review the connections for structural adequacy and economy. If con
43、nections are redesigned or other prob-lems are noted, these should be brought to the attention of the engineer/architect for review. Any deviation from or discrepancy in the approved installation drawings should be communicated to the general contractor by the installation contractor before installa
44、tion. The general contractor should make all necessary arrangements for corrections to be made by the parties involved before installation.1.3.5 Handling and installation responsibilitiesRespon-sibility for panel installation and cleaning, joint treatment, and supply of hardware for handling, attach
45、ment, and bracing should be clearly defined in contract documents. The specifier should not prescribe specific subcontractors in the document specifications. General contractors are generally more knowledgeable of the skills and experience of subcon-tractors who can perform the services and can more
46、 easily evaluate the alternatives.1.3.5.1 CleaningSpecifications should require clean panels after installation and cleaning need not be the object of a separate operation. The precast manufacturer, carrier, or both, are responsible for delivering clean panels (refer to Section 7.6). After panel ins
47、tallation, protecting panels from soiling and staining during subsequent operations should be the responsibility of the general contractor.1.3.5.2 Furnishing attachment and handling hardwareClip angles, inserts, bolts, and miscellaneous metal items are required for construction with precast panels.
48、These items may be attached to the building frame, embedded in the precast panel for erector or for other trades, or provided loose at the job site for connection purposes.Responsibility for supplying items to be attached to or placed in the structure to receive precast concrete units depends on str
49、ucture type and local practice. Contractual agreements should indicate who is responsible for the supply and installation of hardware. When the supporting frame is structural steel, installation hardware is normally supplied and installed by the precast erector or steel fabricator. When the building frame consists of cast-in-place concrete, hardware is normally supplied by the precast manufacturer and placed by the concrete contractor. Detailed hardware layout is prepared by the precast manufacturer for appro
