1、Report on Design and Construction with Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs)Reported by ACI Committee 560ACI 560R-16First PrintingJune 2016ISBN: 978-1-945487-01-9Report on Design and Construction with Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs)Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All
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11、vised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgInsulating concrete forms (ICFs) are leave-in-place forms typi-cally produced in block or panel shapes of expanded polyst
12、yrene (EPS). They provide additional components, such as insulation and a substrate for interior and exterior finish attachment, for a wall or floor system. The most widely used ICFs are block shapes, which are stacked in an interlocking fashion to create stable formwork for creation of reinforced c
13、oncrete walls. Due to the variability of these manufactured form systems, this report does not attempt to address every ICF type, but provides a commentary on those systems most prevalent in the market, and insight, as well as additional informa-tion, relative to their use in design and construction
14、. The report focuses on ICFs for walls.Keywords: bracing system; crossties; expanded polystyrene; formwork configurations; formwork materials; insulating concrete forms; polypro-pylene; polyurethane; screen grid; wall design; wall systems; web.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduc
15、tion, p. 21.2Scope, p. 3CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, p. 3CHAPTER 3INSULATING CONCRETE FORM SYSTEMS, p. 33.1Flat-wall, p. 33.2Additional ICF systems, p. 3CHAPTER 4MATERIALS, p. 54.1Concrete mixture, p. 54.2Reinforcing materials overview, p. 6CHAPTER 5INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS, p. 65.1Formwork material, p. 6
16、5.2Formwork configurations, p. 65.3Insulating concrete form components, p. 75.4Material performance requirements, p. 85.5Bracing and scaffolding, p. 95.6Miscellaneous, p. 9CHAPTER 6DESIGN AND ACI 318 APPLICATION, p. 96.1General, p. 96.2Flat wall ICF systems: application of ACI 318, p. 106.3Waffle gr
17、id ICF wall systems: application of ACI 318, p. 116.4Screen grid and post-and-beam ICF wall systems: application of ACI 318, p. 126.5Other design resources for ICF wall systems, p. 13Robert C. Rogers, Chair James A. Farny, SecretaryACI 560R-16Report on Design and Construction with Insulating Concret
18、e Forms (ICFs)Reported by ACI Committee 560David H. DeValveKelvin L. DoerrBrian C. GerberAnthony I. JohnsonJames A. LaneLionel A. LemayKenneth A. LuttrellPatrick F. OBrien Jr.Robert E. SculthorpeMichael H. WeberCarla V. YlandACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance i
19、n planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Th
20、e American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/En
21、gineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 560R-16 was adopted and published June 2016.Copyright 2016, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form
22、 or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyrig
23、ht proprietors.1CHAPTER 7CONSTRUCTION, p. 137.1Planning the construction process, p. 137.2Foundation/multiple level considerations, p. 147.3Reinforcing steel placement considerations, p. 147.4Work implementation, p. 14CHAPTER 8REFERENCES, p. 15Authored documents, p. 16CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
24、1.1IntroductionThis report is a comprehensive introduction to the design and construction of reinforced concrete structures with insu-lating concrete forms (ICFs). ICFs are stay-in-place concrete forms that create vertical elements such as walls, columns, and pilasters, and horizontal elements such
25、as floors and roofs. This report focuses on ICFs for walls.ICFs that result in reinforced concrete walls are of varying dimensions and manufactured in blocks, planks, panels, and other shapes. They are made of plastic foam or a blended combination of other types of material such as cement, foam, and
26、 wood fiber. The most common ICFs used for wall construction typically provide two layers of low-absorptive foam plastic insulation held together with a system of cross-ties. The crossties are also typically configured to allow for direct attachment of internal and external finishes to the ICF. Rein
27、forcing steel can be installed within the hollow portion of the form, followed by concrete placed to create a rein-forced concrete wall. Figures 1.1a through 1.1c are exam-ples of ICFs used for wall construction.There are many manufacturers of ICFs. An ICF manufac-turers form design is proprietary,
28、so each has specific char-acteristics and limitations. While individual ICFs perform similarly, they are not generally interchangeable. Most major ICF manufacturers have their own proprietary training programs supporting residential and commercial construc-tion. Insulating concrete forms are typical
29、ly lightweight so they are easy to handle and place. Concrete placement when using ICFs is completed by skilled craft construction crews who are trained and experienced with concrete placement and consolidation per ACI 301.In spite of their simplicity, ICFs are based on extensive research and contin
30、ue to evolve with changes in technology. Because there are many proprietary systems, and building codes do not offer general guidance about ICF construction, this report provides background information that is useful for designing and building ICF structures. This report also supplements proprietary
31、 information available from indi-vidual manufacturers with general information applying to most ICFs. In addition to informing designers and builders, this report is useful to building officials and other profes-sionals who work with ICFs.Originally evolved in Switzerland near the end of World War I
32、I, the earliest versions of ICFs were made from treated wood fibers and portland cement. In the late 1940s and 50s, plastic foams were developed, and by the late 1960s, the concepts of combining plastic foams and ICFs together resulted in the creation of contemporary ICFs. In the 1980s and 90s, nume
33、rous companies and products emerged. Growth in the number of ICF manufacturers led to the creation of the Insulating Concrete Form Association (ICFA) in the mid-1990s with a primary goal to advance the industry.Insulating concrete forms initially entered the residential marketplace through their use
34、 in foundations and basements. They expanded into above-grade walls, often in more-expen-Fig. 1.1cBlock-type ICF system.Fig. 1.1aPanel and tile construct-in-place ICF system.Fig. 1.1bVertical ladder and panel ICF system (ladder for interconnection).American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material ww
35、w.concrete.org2 REPORT ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION WITH INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS (ACI 560R-16)sive, large-scale homes. However, as more manufacturers entered the market and ICFs became more readily available with a larger installer base, they gained increased acceptance in all residential constructi
36、on. ICFs increased almost sixfold in market share between 1996 and 2006 in the residential construction market for both below-grade and above-grade walls (Lyman 2007). With residential applications histori-cally accounting for a large percentage of the ICF market, commercial ICF projects continued t
37、o grow in market share and magnitude of project scope and complexity. Increased use of ICFs throughout the United States for residential and commercial construction has led to the need for more detailed guidance and documentation.Product innovation continues, with additional differenti-ating feature
38、s among ICF manufacturers, including crosstie material type, crosstie geometric configuration to facilitate reinforcing bar positioning, crosstie configuration for finish attachment, form shape, and interlocking mechanisms. Some manufacturers offer compatible insulated horizontal ICFsfor example, fl
39、oors and roofsproviding a total cast-in-place concrete building envelope.1.2ScopeAs noted previously, there are many proprietary ICF systems, and building codes do not offer general guidance about ICF construction. This report provides background information that is useful for designing and building
40、 ICF structures. It also supplements proprietary information avail-able from individual manufacturers with general information applying to most ICFs. This report is also useful to building officials and other professionals who may work with ICFs.Construction in the United States has undergone severa
41、l important changes in the past century. With these changes have come codes and standards to assist owners, building officials, designers, and contractors in constructing quality structures that are durable and sustainable, with more emphasis on energy efficiency. Quality-of-life issues are also bei
42、ng addressed, either through codes or other building criteria, notably the development of green building rating systems and programs promoting greater energy efficiency and sustainability (USGBC 2010). Occupant health, safety, and general well-beingfor example, resilient construc-tionare also being
43、identified as important factors in building construction practices, integrating entire building envelopes into a cohesive system. This ultimately is moving todays industry toward more sustainable structures that are longer-lasting and resilient enough to reduce rebuilding, thereby reducing energy co
44、nsumption.Research on ICFs is addressed in detail throughout this document. Manufacturers should provide specific, detailed information about their proprietary products and tests demonstrating performance of the ICF in meeting the intent of applicable building codes. Whether this information is avai
45、lable as an evaluation service report or some other tech-nical report, it should allow a licensed design professional to determine whether an ICF is appropriate for a particular application.CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONSACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete
46、 Terminology,” https:/www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=CT13. Definitions provided herein complement that resource.crosstiesconnectors, typically of plastic or metal, that join two opposite faces of insulating concrete forms.expanded polystyrenetype of foamed plastic formed by the exp
47、ansion of polystyrene resin beads in a molding process; when formed into planks or boards, sometimes referred to by the slang term “bead board”.foamed plasticplastic expanded chemically, mechani -cally, or thermally to form a lightweight, closed-cell struc-ture; usually expanded or extruded to make
48、a lightweight insulating material that can be formed into any shape, including panels or blocks.insulating concrete formstay-in-place concrete forming system usually composed of foamed plastic and associated crossties or webs; the form has particular insu-lating characteristics as well as usually se
49、rving a structural purpose for attachment of interior and exterior finishes.polypropylenethermoplastic polymer material commonly used as crossties in insulating concrete forms.seismic design categoryclassification assigned to a structure based on its risk category and severity of the design earthquake ground motion at the site.webconnection between two opposite faces of an insu-lating concrete form block, usually made from the same material as the insulating concrete form itself, such as expanded polystyrene, without a crosstie.CHAPTE
