1、 International Publication Series IPS-1 Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings (For Buildings of Limited Size and Height, based on ACI 318-02) U. S. Customary Units 2002 Edition There are numerous organizations around the world that develop information on all aspects of concrete te
2、chnology, design, construction, and repair. As a service to our members and other concrete professionals, ACI International presents its International Publication Series. The ACI International Publication Series is intended for use by individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and li
3、mitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute, the Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tcnicas y Certificacin, and the Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica disclaim any and all responsib
4、ility for the content. These institutions shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising there from. The American Concrete Institutes Engineering Staff will review and take appropriate action on all comments and suggestions received. Members and nonmembers of the Institute are encouraged to assi
5、st in enhancing the accuracy and usefulness of ACI documents. IP-001 was produced by a joint technical committee of the Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tcnicas y Certificacin (ICONTEC) and the Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica (AIS) that drafted the information contained in it. This document w
6、as drafted in both English and Spanish, and in SI and US Customary units. During the drafting process, suggestions for improvement were received from members of ACI, ICONTEC, AIS, and other international technical organizations. The American Concrete Institute has not performed a review following pr
7、ocedures of the Technical Activities Committee (TAC) and has not adopted or approved this information. This is the first publication of the English version; a Spanish translation is available through ICONTEC. Copyright 2002 by American Concrete Institute, Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tcnicas y Cer
8、tificacin, and Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visu
9、al reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. ACI ICONTEC AIS American Concrete Institute Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tcnicas y Certificacin Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica P. O. Box 909
10、4 Farmington Hills, Michigan 48333-9094 USA Carrera 37 N 52-95 Bogot, D. C., COLOMBIA Carrera 20 N 84-14 Oficina 502 Bogot, D. C., COLOMBIA Phone: (Int + 1 + 248) 848-3700 Phone: (Int + 57 + 1) 315-0377 Phone: (Int + 57 + 1) 530-0826 Fax: (Int + 1 + 248) 848-3701 Fax: (Int + 57 + 1) 222-1435 Fax: (I
11、nt + 57 + 1) 530-0827 website: www.concrete.org website: www.icontec.org.co Email: aisuniandes.edu.co Keywords: aggregates; beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; columns (supports); compressive strength; concrete construction; concrete slabs; construction joints; continuity (
12、structural); cover; curing; drawings; earthquake resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; footings; formwork (construction); frames; joints (junctions); joists; loads (forces); materials; mixing; mix proportioning; moments; placing; quality control; reinforced concret
13、e; reinforcing steels; serviceability; shear strength; shearwalls; spans; specifications; splicing; strength; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire fabric. Essential Requirements for
14、 R/C Buildings Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings (For Buildings of Limited Size and Height, based on ACI 318-02) -i- Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings -ii- Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Foreword Publication of Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Bu
15、ildings is the result of an agreement between the American Concrete Institute and two Colombian Institutions: the Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tcnicas y Certificacin (Colombian Institute for Technical Standards and Certification) and the Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica (Colombian Associat
16、ion for Earthquake Engineering). The document was motivated by frequent worldwide criticism that current reinforced concrete codes might be unnecessarily sophisticated for some uses, such as small low-rise structures. The need for guidelines and minimum requirements for the design and construction o
17、f structures that fall in these categories is felt throughout the world. The document is expected to be especially useful in the education and training of young engineers in reinforced concrete design. A useful precedent for the drafting committee was the simplified rules for design and construction
18、 of masonry one- and two-story dwellings contained in some building codes. Current knowledge on reinforced concrete behavior obtained through experimentation and experience, and its status and dissemination as a structural material used worldwide, made the task of development of a simplified design
19、and construction document, not only feasible, but challenging. Among the subjects covered are: aggregate size; allowable soil bearing capacity; analysis and design; beams; bearing strength; columns; combined footings; concrete cover; concrete curing; concrete mixing and transportation; concrete mixt
20、ure proportions; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; concrete strength evaluation; construction joints; definitions of terms used; design and construction procedures; design for axial load with flexure; design for flexure; design for shear; development length and splicing of reinforcement; drawin
21、gs and specifications; durability requirements; embedded pipes; flexural and axial loads; floor systems; footings; form removal; formwork; foundation mats; foundations; geotechnical investigation; girders; grade beams; inspection; joists; lateral load resistance; layout of the structural system; lim
22、it states; loads (dead, live, rain, snow, wind, earthquake, and soil lateral pressure); materials for reinforced concrete construction; minimum depth for members; one-way and two-way slabs; project specifications; reinforcement details; retaining walls; shear and torsion; shear walls; slab systems;
23、slab-column systems; slabs-on-grade; special provisions for seismic design; spread footings; stairways and ramps; standard hooks; strength and serviceability; structural drawings; wall footings; walls; water tanks. The following features were the general guidelines for the Essential Requirements for
24、 Reinforced Concrete Buildings: The aim of the document is to provide rules for the design and construction of common, low-rise structures of small to medium floor areas. The design rules are based on simplified accepted strength models; other limit states are accounted by specified dimensional requ
25、irements. The minimum dimensional requirements contained in the document are intended to replace the need for more-sophisticated analysis and design procedures. Material and construction requirements are aimed at available steel grades and concrete of medium strength that could be site mixed. The do
26、cument is self-contained; therefore, loads and simplified analysis procedures are included as well as geotechnical exploration requirements to be used in defining a soil bearing capacity and minimum acceptable construction practice guidelines. Earthquake-resistant requirements are based on the use o
27、f structural concrete walls (shear walls) that limit the lateral deformations of the structure and provide lateral strength. The document is written in mandatory language. Where explanatory non-mandatory material was required, this material was included at the appropriate places and a special cursiv
28、e type font was employed to indicate the non-mandatory character. -iii- Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings In a departure from traditional code-related publications, the document contains graphs and graphical explanations. Requirements are introduced in the order needed in the course of a desi
29、gn. The design can be carried out using solely the document and a hand calculator without need for a computer. For international use, SI Metric and US Customary Units versions in English and a SI Metric version in Spanish of the document were produced. Acknowledgments Icontec-AIS Joint Drafting Comm
30、ittee The draft of the document was produced by a Joint Committee of Icontec - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tcnicas y Certificacin (Colombian Institute for Technical Standards and Certification) and AIS - Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica (Colombian Association for Earthquake Engineering).
31、The members of this Joint-Committee were: Luis Enrique Garca (Chairman) Nlson Snchez (Secretary) Guillermo Alonzo Jos Miguel Paz Mauricio Snchez Gilberto Areiza Marco Puccini Jorge Segura Omar Daro Cardona Roberto Rochel Pedro Theran Augusto Espinosa Carlos Alberto Rodrguez Luis Yamn Diego Jaramillo
32、 Daniel Rojas The following individual members of ACI offered useful comments and suggestions during the drafting of the document: Sergio Alcocer David P. Gustafson Jack P. Moehle Shuaib Ahmad Bilal Hamad Vilas S Mujumdar John E. Breen Neil M. Hawkins James S. Pierce James R. Cagley Kenneth C. Hover
33、 Basile G. Rabbat W. Gene Corley James O. Jirsa Julio A. Ramrez Juan P. Covarrubias Dov Kaminetzky Mete A. Sozen David A. Fanella Richard E. Klingner Richard Stehly Werner Fuchs James G. MacGregor James K. Wight John Glumb Leslie D. Martin Min-Hong Zhang -iv- Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings
34、 Table of contents Foreword iii Acknowledgments. iv Table of contents v INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3 1.0 NOTATION. 3 1.1 SCOPE. 3 1.2 PURPOSE 3 1.3 LIMITATIONS. 3 1.4 SUPPORTING CODES AND STANDARDS 5 1.5 DEFINITIONS. 5 1.6 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE. 5 1.7 LIMIT STATES . 7
35、1.8 STRENGTH LIMIT STATE DESIGN 7 1.9 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE DESIGN. 8 1.10 APPLICABLE STANDARDS 8 1.11 A WORD OF CAUTION . 10 Chapter 2 DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE. 11 2.1 DEFINITIONS. 11 2.2 NOMENCLATURE . 18 2.3 ABBREVIATIONS 23 Chapter 3 LAYOUT OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM . 25 3.0 NOTATION. 25
36、 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS. 25 3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 26 3.3 STRUCTURAL LAYOUT 26 3.4 FEASIBILITY UNDER THE ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS . 29 Chapter 4 LOADS . 31 4.0 NOTATION. 31 4.1 GENERAL 32 4.2 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS . 32 4.3 MASS AND WEIGHT . 33 4.4 WEIGHT OF MATERIALS 3
37、3 4.5 DEAD LOADS 33 4.6 LIVE LOADS 38 4.7 ROOF LIVE LOADS . 39 4.8 RAIN LOAD 39 4.9 SNOW LOAD . 39 4.10 WIND FORCES. 40 4.11 SEISMIC FORCES. 43 4.12 SOIL WEIGHT AND LATERAL PRESSURE . 45 Chapter 5 GENERAL REINFORCED CONCRETE REQUIREMENTS 47 5.0 NOTATION. 47 5.1 GENERAL 47 5.2 MATERIALS FOR REINFORCE
38、D CONCRETE 48 5.3 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT BAR DIAMETER. 49 5.4 CONCRETE COVER FOR REINFORCEMENT 50 5.5 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT BEND DIAMETER 51 5.6 STANDARD HOOK DIMENSIONS 52 5.7 MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE . 53 5.8 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, LAP SPLICING, AND ANCHORAGE OF REINFORCEMENT 53 5.9 LONGITUD
39、INAL REINFORCEMENT 55 5.10 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT. 55 5.11 FLEXURE. 55 5.12 AXIAL LOADS WITH OR WITHOUT FLEXURE 57 5.13 SHEAR . 60 5.14 BEARING . 62 -v- Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 6 FLOOR SYSTEM . 63 6.0 NOTATION. 63 6.1 TYPES OF FLOOR SYSTEMS 63 6.2 SELECTION OF THE FLOOR SY
40、STEM 69 6.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY 70 6.4 ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY LOAD PATHS. 70 6.5 MINIMUM DEPTH FOR FLOOR SYSTEM MEMBERS. 71 6.6 TRIAL DIMENSIONS FOR THE FLOOR SYSTEM 73 6.7 FLOOR FINISH 74 6.8 DUCTS, SHAFTS, OPENINGS, AND EMBEDDED PIPING 74 Chapter 7 SOLID SLABS SUPPORTED ON GIRDERS,
41、BEAMS, JOISTS, OR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS . 77 7.0 NOTATION. 77 7.1 GENERAL 78 7.2 LOADS 78 7.3 DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT 78 7.4 SHEAR STRENGTH 83 7.5 SLAB BETWEEN JOISTS. 83 7.6 CANTILEVERS OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON GIRDERS, BEAMS, OR WALLS .84 7.7 ONE-WAY, SINGLE-SPAN SOLID SLABS SPANNING BETWEEN GIR
42、DERS, BEAMS, OR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS . 86 7.8 ONE-WAY SOLID SLABS SUPPORTED ON GIRDERS, BEAMS, OR WALLS, WITH TWO OR MORE SPANS . 88 7.9 TWO-WAY SOLID SLABS SPANNING BETWEEN GIRDERS, BEAMS, OR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS 91 Chapter 8 GIRDERS, BEAMS, AND JOISTS. 101 8.0 NOTATION. 101 8.1 GENERAL 1
43、02 8.2 LOADS . 103 8.3 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT . 104 8.4 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT 105 8.5 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT. 114 8.6 JOISTS AND BEAMS SUPPORTED BY GIRDERS 119 8.7 GIRDERS THAT ARE PART OF A FRAME. 123 Chapter 9 SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS. 129 9.0 NOTATION. 129 9.1 GENERAL 129 9.2 LOADS . 130 9.3 DI
44、MENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS. 130 9.4 DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT 132 9.5 SHEAR STRENGTH 135 9.6 MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS AS REQUIRED BY PUNCHING-SHEAR 138 9.7 MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS AS REQUIRED BY BEAM-ACTION SHEAR 139 9.8 FLEXURAL REQUIREMENTS. 140 9.9 CALCULATION OF SUPPORT REACTIONS 144 Chapter 10 COLUMNS
45、145 10.0 NOTATION. 145 10.1 GENERAL 145 10.2 LOADS . 146 10.3 DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS. 147 10.4 DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT 149 10.5 FLEXURAL REQUIREMENTS. 155 10.6 SHEAR . 157 10.7 CALCULATION OF THE FOUNDATION REACTION 158 Chapter 11 LATERAL-FORCE RESISTANCE. 159 11.0 NOTATION. 159 11.1 GENERAL 160
46、11.2 LATERAL FORCES . 160 11.3 LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM . 164 11.4 MINIMUM AMOUNT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS . 166 11.5 SPECIAL REINFORCING DETAILS FOR SEISMIC ZONES 169 11.6 INTERACTION WITH NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 178 Chapter 12 REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS . 181 12.0 NOTATION. 181 12.1 GENER
47、AL 181 12.2 LOADS . 183 12.3 DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS. 184 -vi- Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings 12.4 DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT 185 12.5 FLEXURAL REQUIREMENTS. 187 12.6 SHEAR REQUIREMENTS . 188 12.7 CALCULATION OF THE REACTIONS AT THE FOUNDATION . 189 Chapter 13 OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 191 1
48、3.0 NOTATION. 191 13.1 STAIRWAYS AND RAMPS 191 13.2 WATER TANKS . 193 Chapter 14 FOUNDATIONS . 197 14.0 NOTATION. 197 14.1 SOIL INVESTIGATION 198 14.2 ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE 199 14.3 SETTLEMENT CRITERIA 201 14.4 DIMENSIONING FOUNDATION MEMBERS. 201 14.5 SPREAD FOOTINGS. 201 14.6 WALL FOOTINGS 209 14.7 COMBINED FOOTINGS 212 14.8 PILES AND CAISSONS . 213 14.9 FOOTINGS ON PILES . 213 14.10 FOUNDATION MATS. 213 14.11 RETAINING WALLS. 216 14.12 GRADE BEAMS (FOUNDATION BEAMS) 221 14.13 SLABS-ON-GRADE . 223 Chapter 15 DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS 225 15.1
