1、 Recycling Concrete and Other Materials for Sustainable Development Editors Tony C. Liu Christian Meyer international - SP-2 19 First printing, March 2004 DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 h
2、eadquarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is October 2004. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the authors will be published in the JanuaryFebniary 2005 issue of either AC1 Structural Journal or depending
3、 on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the inf
4、ormation presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright O 2004 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, Michigan 48333-9094 All rights reserved, including rights of
5、reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in
6、writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of Amerka Editorial production: Lindsay K. Kennedy Library of Congress catalog card number: 2004 103240 ISBN: 0-8703 1- 142-5 PREFACE Recognizing the need to promote and encourage the use of recycled concrete and other
7、materials in concrete construction, AC1 Committee 555, Concrete with Recycled Materials, sponsored a two-part technical session on “Recycling Concrete and Other Materials for Sustainable Development” at the 2003 AC1 Spring Convention in Vancouver, Canada. Twelve papers were presented by invited expe
8、rts from Canada, Denmark, Japan, and the United States. This Special Publication (SP) contains 11 of the 12 papers that were presented at the technical session. The subject areas include the global perspective, challenges and opportunities of concrete recycling, the barriers to recycling concrete in
9、 highway construction, and current practices in the European Union, Japan, and USA. This SP also contains research papers on the use of recycled glass as aggregates for architectural concrete, recycled scrap tire rubber, flowable slurry containing wood ash, recycled latex paint as an admixture, crus
10、hed stone dust in production of self-consolidating concrete, a new binder using thermally treated spent pot liners from aluminum smelters, and the durability of concrete containing recycled concrete as aggregates that had shown distress due to alkali-silica reaction. Each paper was reviewed by two r
11、eviewers in accordance with AC1 publication policy. On behalf of AC1 555, we would like to thank all authors for their contributions and the reviewers for their assistance, comments, and valuable advice. It is our hope that the success of this two-part technical session and the publication of this S
12、pecial Publication will encourage the use of recycled concrete and other materials in concrete construction, and thereby help our industry to comply with the demands of sustainable development. Tony C. Liu U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC Christian Meyer Columbia University New York, NY i
13、ii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS . Preface . 111 SP-219-1: Recycling Concrete-An Overview of Challenges and Opportunities 1 by E. K. Lauritzen SP-219-2: Recent Trends in Recycling of Concrete Waste and Use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete in Japan 1 1 by Y. Kasai SP-219-3: Concrete Waste in a Global Perspectiv
14、e . 35 by T. C. Hansen and E. K. Lauritzen SP-219-4: Guidance for Recycled Concrete Aggregate Use in the Highway Environment 47 by J. S. Melton SP-2 19-5: Mitigating Alkali Silica Reaction in Recycled Concrete 6 1 by H. C. Scott IV and D. L. Gress SP-219-6: Use of Recycled Glass as Aggregate for Arc
15、hitectural Concrete . 77 by C. Meyer and S. Shimanovich SP-219-7: Properties of Flowable Slurry Containing Wood Ash 85 by T. R. Naik, R. N. Kraus, Y. Chun, and R. Siddique SP-219-8: Protective System for Buried Infrastructure Using Recycled Tire Rubber-Filled Cement Mortars . 99 by M. Nehdi and A. K
16、han SP-219-9: The Use Of Crushed Limestone Dust In Production of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) . 115 by C. Shi, Y. Wu, and C. Riefler SP-219-10: Recycled Waste Latex Paint as an Admixture in Concrete Sidewalks . 131 by M. Nehdi SP-2 19-1 1 : Development of a New Binder Using Thermally-Treated by
17、 A. Tagnit-Hamou and S. Laldji Spent Pot Liners from Aluminium Smelters 145 V vi SP-2 1 9- 1 Recycling Concrete-An Overview of Challenges and Opportunities by E. K. Lauritzen Sympsix This paper consists of an overview of the development of techniques for recycling concrete. Demolition, processing an
18、d the recycling of the resulting materials are often analyzed separately. “High quality” recycling of concrete waste does not always correspond to productionluse of the product with the highest value, but rather the most feasible product in a specific project or region. It is by analyzing the whole
19、disposal/ supply-chain, including the substituted material, that the best effects of recycling can be achieved. Overviews of methods for environmental evaluations as well as economic considerations are presented. Integrated demolition waste management in Kosovo and an analysis of the potential marke
20、t in Hong Kong are presented as examples of the worldwide market for recycled materials. Issues regarding the handling of polluted materials will be discussed from a practical point of view. Moreover, some aspects to consider regarding future demolition when producing new concrete products are prese
21、nted. Kevw or ds: concret e; construct ion and demol it ion waste; demolition; integrated waste management; recycling 1 2 Lauritzen Erik K. Lauritzen is managing director of DEMEX A/S, which he founded in 1978. He has worked with the recycling of concrete and masonry since the early 1980s and has be
22、en active in the RILEM Technical committees on the demolition and recycling of concrete and masonry. Erik K. Lauritzen has worldwide experience on the demolition and recycling of building materials. SUSTAINABILITY AND “GREEN” CONCRETE Since Agenda 2 1, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Developm
23、ent, was launched in 1992 sustainable development has been one of the key issues of modem society. Some years ago, AC1 realized that even if concrete is an environmentally friendly material, Portland cement is the critical component of modem-day concrete. To address this issue and the relationship b
24、etween sustainable development and concrete technology, the AC1 Board of Direction, in 2000, formed a Task Group on Sustainable development and concrete technology. Its mission was to encourage the development and application of environmentally friendly, sustainable concrete materials, design and co
25、nstruction. One of the most important issues of sustainability was the use of recycled aggregates (1). Fortunately, some AC1 members had been far-sighted enough in 1985 to organize Committee 555 - Concrete with Recycled Materials. In 2001 the committee submitted a report “Removal and Reuse of Harden
26、ed Concrete” (2), which has established a very good basis for the future work of AC1 on the sustainability and recycling of concrete. Parallel to the work of AC1 in the USA, the recycling of Construction and Demolition waste (C construction waste; Japan; recycled aggregate; recycled concret e 11 12
27、Kasai Yoshio Kasai is Professor Emeritus of Nihon University. He worked in its Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Industrial Technology until his retirement in 1998. He has been closely associated with building materials, especially concrete technology, nondestructi
28、ve testing, demolition, and recycling of waste materials for construction. TNTRODUCTTON Japan generates about 35 million tons of concrete debris each year. The productive use of this material is very important for the establishment of a sustainable society. This paper addresses the following issues:
29、 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Use of concrete powder, eco-concrete7 and slurries. Generation of construction wastes and their reuse as a resource. Shortage of landfills suitable for industrial waste material. Outline of construction recycling law. Progress made in recycling and reuse of concrete a
30、s aggregate. Methods of manufacturing recycled concrete aggregate. Technical Report TR A0006, “Recycled Aggregate Concrete”. Problems with quality of recycled concrete. Uses of recycled aggregate concrete. Recycling of concrete rubble for road base and back fill. The paper mentions the importance of
31、 recycling concrete wastes, the methods of producing good recycled aggregate using newly developed equipment and production processes, and problems associated with using recycled concrete in actual construction projects. GENERATION OF CONSTRUCTION WASTES AND THEIR REUSE AS A RESOURCE Starting in the
32、 fiscal year 1990, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has been conducting nationwide surveys of generation and reuse of construction wastes. The results are shown in Table 1. They show the amount of waste material associated with new construction and demolition, where concrete and as
33、phalt rubble and construction waste wood appear to be due mainly to demolition. In fiscal year 2000, about 85 million tons of construction waste material was generated, which was 14 million tons less than in fiscal year 1995. The breakdown of this decrease is as follows: 6 million tons of asphalt co
34、ncrete rubble, 2 million tons of construction mud due to a reduction in public works projects, and the remainder due to reductions in other categories, including the effect of separation and reuse. Fig. 1 illustrates changes in the recycling rate during the ten years, from 1990 to 2000. The recyclin
35、g rate for concrete rubble has improved from 48% in 1990 to 65% in 1995 and 96% in fiscal year 2000. The recycling rates for asphalt concrete rubble in the same years were 48%, 81%, and 98%, Recycling Concrete and Other Materials 13 respectively. For construction mud, the corresponding recycling rat
36、es were 8%, 14%, and 4 1 %, mainly due to improvements of plants for dewatering/caking and soil improvement. The recycling rates for construction wood waste were 31%, 40%, and 38%. This comparably poor showing resulted in spite of recycling of wood as cement-bonded wood particle boards and pulp for
37、paper production. The remainder was used as fuel or incinerated and disposed of illegally. SHORTAGE OF SAFE LANDFILLS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE Construction waste constitutes about 22% of the 400 million tons of all industrial waste. Landfill sites that remain available for such waste material have decre
38、ased year by year, which poses a big social problem. It has become particularly difficult to build new treatment plants in the face of opposition by nearby residents because of the environmental impact. Fig. 2 illustrates the number of permanent landfill sites permitted for industrial waste from 198
39、7 to 2000, while their combined capacities are plotted in Fig. 3 and their remaining life (in years) is indicated in Fig. 4. In fiscal year 2000, the remaining landfill capacity was 176 million m3, to last for 3.9 years. Although the remaining landfill capacity decreased and the remaining life incre
40、ased, the generation of waste decreased over the same time span. Landfill capacity for industrial waste material became so sparse that the government used this opportunity to promote two slogans: “Controlling the generation of waste and decreasing its amount” and “Creating a closed-loop material cyc
41、le society”. Fig. 5 illustrates the projected developments of production, waste disposal, and accumulation of building stock during the next hundred years. According to this estimate, the total amount of waste will be four times as great as it is today. Finally, on May 30,2002, the Japanese Governme
42、nt decided to enforce the “Law on Recycling of Materials in the Construction Industry, etc”, now called the “Construction Recycling Law”. OUTLINE OF THE CONSTRUCTION RECYCLING LAW The “Construction Recycling Law” is based on the “Law to Promote Effective Recycling of Resources”, or “Recycling Law”,
43、formulated in 1991 and enacted to further promote recycling of construction related resources. This law refers specifically to concrete rubble, asphalt concrete rubble and construction waste wood. Conventionally, the owner used to submit to the governor a demolition plan, indicating the type of stru
44、cture and floor area of the building. However, the new law requires the owner to submit a “Notification Document” for any planned generation of waste in the following cases: i. Demolition of a building with a floor area greater than 80 m2. 14 Kasai 2. 3. 4. New construction with a floor area greater
45、 than 500 m2. Expansion, repair or remodeling of a building costing more than 100 million yen. Public works projects exceeding a cost of 5 million yen. It is assumed that each of the last three cases generates the same amount of waste as case 1, which is estimated to be about 30 to 40 tons per house
46、. The notification document should include various characteristics of the construction, such as the usage, number of stories, projected floor area, and in the case of demolition work, the General Contractors permit number, registration number of the demolition industry association, etc. In addition,
47、 each one of the four cases requires a separate form for filing a demolition plan. Especially in case 1, the method of demolition, separation of waste material, the amount of expected waste generation (quantities of concrete rubble, asphalt concrete rubble, and construction waste wood), the cost of
48、the demolition work, the name of the recycling plant, and the cost of waste recycling should be described. Furthermore, penalties for violations of the law are provided. PROGRESS IN RECYCING AND REUSE OF CONCRETE AS AGGREGATE Since the early 1970s, a large number of experimental investigations of th
49、e quality of recycled aggregate were undertaken i. In 1977, the Japan Building Contractors Society (BCS) published the report, “Proposed Standard of Recycled Aggregate and Recycled Concrete and Commentary” 2. This was the first systematic proposal for recycled concrete in the world. The standard was presented to the European Demolition Association (EDA) during the RILEM International Symposium on Demolition and Recycling of Concrete and Brick Materials, in Rotterdam, Holland, 1985. Some results of the research for the BCS Standard were also presented
