1、Brief 8. Consumer Spending on Transportation OCTOber 2013 Commuting in America 2013 The National Report on Commuting Patterns and TrendsAbout the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Products Program Established by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and
2、the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT), the AASHTO Census Transportation Planning Products Program (CTPP) compiles census data on demographic characteristics, home and work locations, and journey- to-work travel flows to assist with a variety of state, regional, and local transportation po
3、licy and planning efforts. CTPP also supports corridor and project studies, environmental analyses, and emergency operations management. In 1990, 2000, and again in 2006, AASHTO partnered with all of the states on pooled-fund projects to sup- port the development of special census products and data
4、tabulations for transportation. These census transpor- tation data packages have proved invaluable in understanding characteristics about where people live and work, their journey-to-work commuting patterns, and the modes they use for getting to work. In 2012, the CTPP was established as an ongoing
5、technical service program of AASHTO. CTPP provides a number of primary services: Special Data Tabulation from the U.S. Census BureauCTPP oversees the specification, purchase, and delivery of this special tabulation designed by and for transportation planners. Outreach and TrainingThe CTPP team provi
6、des training on data and data issues in many formats, from live briefings and presentations to hands-on, full-day courses. The team has also created a number of electronic sources of training, from e-learning to recorded webinars to downloadable presentations. Technical SupportCTPP provides limited
7、direct technical support for solving data issues; the pro- gram also maintains a robust listserv where many issues are discussed, dissected, and resolved by the CTPP community. ResearchCTPP staff and board members routinely generate problem statements to solicit research on data issues; additionally
8、, CTPP has funded its own research efforts. Total research generated or funded by the current CTPP since 2006 is in excess of $1 million. Staff Penelope Weinberger, CTPP Program Manager Matt Hardy, Program Director, Policy and Planning Janet Oakley, Director of Policy and Government Relations Projec
9、t Team Steven E. Polzin, Co-Author, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida Alan E. Pisarski, Co-Author, Consultant, Falls Church, Virginia Bruce Spear, Data Expert, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Liang Long, Data Expert, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Contact Penelope Weinbe
10、rger, e-mail: pweinbergeraashto.org, phone: 202-624-3556; or CTPPinfoaashto.org 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Pub Code: CA08-4 ISBN: 978-1-56051-578-4 2013 by the American Association
11、 of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends Brief 8. Consumer Spending on Transportation This brief is the eighth in a series of briefs that constitut
12、e a body of knowledge describing commuting in America. This body of work, sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and carried out in conjunction with a National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project that provided support- ing data, buil
13、ds on three prior Commuting in America documents that were issued over the past three decades. Unlike the prior reports that were single volumes, this effort consists of a series of briefs, each of which addresses a critical aspect of commuting in America. These briefs, taken together, comprise a co
14、mprehensive summary of American commuting. The briefs are disseminated through the AASHTO website (www.transportation.org). Accom- panying data tables and an Executive Summary complete the body of information known as Commuting in America 2013 (CIA 2013). A key factor in understanding how commuters
15、select the mode of transportation they use to get to work is their access and ability to use the various modes of travel. In particular, auto and transit availability and cost are important factors in commute trip mode choice. Brief 7, Vehicle and Transit Availability, explored vehicle availability;
16、 this brief, Brief 8, ex- plores household spending on travel. Spending on Transportation Transportation is an important component of household budgets. While it is not feasible with existing data to completely isolate commuting costs from transportation costs for all other purposes, the data availa
17、ble can help shed some light on the subject and gain insight into the nature of the costs involved. The premier source for detailed transportation expenditures information is the Con- sumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) prepared annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1This is the source of the baske
18、t of products and their prices that establishes the governments Cost of Living Index. All transportation expenditure data employed in this brief are from the 2011 reporting of the survey or predecessor reports, unless otherwise noted. The CEX captures direct household expenditures that can be attrib
19、uted to transporta- tion; however, it does not capture indirect costs or non-user-fee-based methods of paying for transportation. Indirect costs might include such things as the share of cost of various products that is a result of transporting the materials through the chain of production and 1All
20、comparisons made here are for expenditures. Incomes are identified in the survey, but comparisons of spending to incomes can be very misleading, particularly, as often happens, in cases where total spending exceeds income. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official
21、s. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.4 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends distribution. Examples of non-user-fee-based costs might include sales taxes or property taxes used by many communities as a means of funding public
22、transportation. These expenditures are not associated with purchasing transportation services or equip- ment and, therefore, cannot be captured in consumer transportation expenditure data. Similarly, impact fees, mobility fees, or other assessments on individuals or developments are not captured in
23、transportation expenditure data. Nor are local, state, or federal General Fund transfers or allocations to transportation facilities and services. For example, federal General Fund transfers to the Highway Trust Fund, General Fund appropriations for avi- ation or Amtrak, or even expenditures such as
24、 the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) investments in automobile manufacturers offset costs that might otherwise have been borne more directly by travelers as gas taxes or vehicle prices. Thus, growth in non-user-fee-based mechanisms for paying for transportation results in an incomplete reportin
25、g of the full public resource commitment to transportation. Spending on Personal Vehicle Travel Figure 8-1 provides disaggregated statistics on total consumer spending by broad spending categories. In this figure, spending for gasoline has been separated from overall transpor- tation spending to gai
26、n a better sense of the nature of the spending. The six-year period shown (20062011) is significant because it encompasses good years, bad years, and years of weak recovery in the economy. Overall, transportation costs (inclusive of fuel) are typi- cally the second largest cost in household spending
27、 after housing. The range in total consumer unit expenditures (the sum of the lines shown on Figure 8-1) in this period is substantial, running from a spending high of $50,486 in 2008 to a low (two years later) of $48,109, with a value mid-way between these numbers in the recovery year of 2011 of $4
28、9,705almost identical to spending levels in 2007. 2This aids in the un- derstanding of much of what happened in the period. Of significance are the rising levels of health-care spending and the generally fluctuating or stable levels of spending in the period for other non-transportation purposes, in
29、cluding housing. The range of transportation spending (excluding fuel spending) shows significant continuing declines after 2007, with a slight upturn in 2011. Spending for gasoline shows rather dramatic levels of sawtooth-like rising and falling for the entire period. Fuel price levels continued to
30、 rise in 2012. Total transportation including fuel spending was at its height in the 20062008 period at approx- imately $9,000. It declined to the range of $7,700 per year in 2009 and 2010, before turning upward to about $8,300 in 2011. 2A consumer unit is similar to a householdits prime attribute i
31、s that it is a distinct entity in terms of economic decision making. There were roughly 122 million consumer units in the Consumer Expenditure Survey, contrasted to 115 million households estimated by the Census Bureau in the 2011 American Community Survey (ACS). Part of this difference is explained
32、 by persons living in group quarters who may be consumer units but are not households. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.5 Brief 8. Consumer Spending on Transportation Figure 8-1. Consumer
33、 Spending Trends Source: Consumer Expenditure Survey $6,281 $6,374 $5,889 $5,672 $5,545 $5,638 $2,227 $2,384 $2,715 $1,986 $2,132 $2,655 $16,366 $16,920 $17,109 $16,895 $16,557 $16,803 $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Annual Spendin
34、g Food Apparel Health Care Entertainment Pensions Insurance All Other Transportation (Excluding Gas) Gasoline Housing 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.6 Commuting in America 2013: The Nat
35、ional Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends Figure 8-2 shows the long-term trend of transportation shares of consumer unit an- nual spending (including fuel) over a 25-year period. The range is substantial, from a high in 1986 of 20.0 percent to an all-time low of 15.6 percent in 2009, 16.0 percen
36、t in 2010, and 16.7 percent in 2011the three lowest years in transportation share reported. So, as incomes and overall spending fell, transportation spending fell even faster. Figure 8-3 fills out the spending picture within the main transportation spending cate- gory, which helps to ascertain the n
37、ature of the downturn. Components of consumer unit expenditures in transportation are for new and used cars and trucks, comprising about a third of total transportation spending; spending on gasoline defines almost another third; and other vehicle expenses, such as finance charges, maintenance, and
38、insurance, cover just less than a third. Finally, there is purchased transportationall the modes that require a ticket purchase for use, including transit, intercity bus, rail, air, cruise ships, cabs, etc.at about 6 percent of spending. 3 Following this level of detail further, Figure 8-4 shows the
39、 change in these expenditures from 20062011. Note that while overall consumer expenditures grew by 3 percent in the period, transportation spending declined by 3 percent. The big declines were in purchases of new cars (-30 percent) and used cars (-15 percent) and the accompanying finance costs (-22
40、percent). Other spending, for insurance (+11 percent), maintenance (+17 percent) and fuel (+19 percent), rose appreciably in the period. Perhaps the most effective way to better understand this spending is to stratify the expenditures by important variables such as income, age, vehicle ownership, an
41、d metro area scale. For purposes of this brief, the key variable will be workers and their spending. Fuel Spending In Figure 8-3, it was shown that spending for fuel comprises a substantial part of transportation spending32 percent in 2011. Fuel costs are among the most volatile of transpor- tation
42、costs and have varied sharply over the past decade. Although the use of fuel per mile has declined with the im- proved average fuel economy of vehicles, a rather dramatic increase in fuel costs since the late 1990s has impacted consumers and is considered one of the factors dampening travel demand.
43、3It is important to recognize that the Consumer Expenditure Survey reports only personal expenditures; it does not include travel spending reimbursed by an employer or others, such as a church or social groups. In recent years, overall household spending on transportation has declined in spite of gr
44、owing expenditures for fuel. 2013 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.7 Brief 8. Consumer Spending on Transportation Figure 8-2. Transportation as a Share of Household Spending Source: Consumer E
45、xpenditure Survey Figure 8-3. Components of Consumer Unit T ransportation Spending Source: Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2011 Figure 8-4. Change in Household T ransportation Spending, 20062011 Source: Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2011 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
46、 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Share of Total Spending Cars and Trucks, New 16% Cars and Trucks, Used 16% Gasoline and Motor Oil 32% Other Vehicle Expenses 30% Purchased Transportation 6% 3% -3% -30% -15% 19% -22% 17% 11% -10% 2% -40% -30%
47、-20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% All Consumer Expenditures All Transportation Cars and Trucks, New Cars and Trucks, Used Gasoline and Motor Oil Vehicle Finance Charges Maintenance and Repairs Vehicle Insurance Vehicle Rental, Leases, Other Purchased Transportation 2013 by the American Association of State H
48、ighway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.8 Commuting in America 2013: The National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends Figure 8-5 shows the long-term trend in fuel prices on a current and constant dollar (historic prices inflated to 2
49、011 levels) basis, indicating that current fuel costs are not sig- nificantly different from the prices experienced in the early 1980s, and with higher efficien- cies of vehicles, the costs per mile traveled are appreciably less. On a per-vehicle-mile basis, fuel consumption measured in British Thermal Units (BTUs) has dropped from about 8,000 BTUs in 1980 to about 5,300 BTUs in 2010, a decline of about a third. 4 Transportation Spending by Area Size There is substantial variation in total spending and transportation spending by the type of
