1、CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK FOR BRIDGE TEMPORARY WORKS2nd Edition | 2017CHTBW-2 | ISBN 978-1-56051-641-5American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org Cover photo: Ut
2、ah 4500 South Bridge over I-215. Its temporary staging area for first self-propelled modular transporter move in Salt Lake City, Utah, September 7, 2007. Photo provided by the Utah DOT. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication i
3、s a violation of applicable law. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.i AASHTO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 20162017 Voting Members OFFICERS: PRESIDENT: David Bernhardt, Maine* VICE PRESIDENT: John Sch
4、roer, Tennessee* SECRETARY-TREASURER: Carlos Braceras, Utah EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Bud Wright, Washington, D. C. REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES: REGION I: Leslie Richards, Pennsylvania Pete Rahn, Maryland REGION II: Charles Kilpatrick, Virginia James Bass, Texas REGION III: Randall S. Blankenhorn, Illinois P
5、atrick McKenna, Missouri REGION IV: Carlos Braceras, Utah Mike Tooley, Montana IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT: vacant *Elected at the 2016 Annual Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts Nonvoting Members Executive Director: Bud Wright, Washington, DC 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transpor
6、tation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ii This page is intentionally left blank. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iii HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BR
7、IDGES AND STRUCTURES, 2016 GREGG FREDRICK, Chair BRUCE V. JOHNSON, Vice Chair JOSEPH L. HARTMANN, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary PATRICIA J. BUSH, AASHTO Liaison ALABAMA, Eric J. Christie, William “Tim” Colquett, Randall B. Mullins ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, David B. Benton, David
8、L. Eberhart, Pe-Shen Yang ARKANSAS, Charles “Rick” Ellis CALIFORNIA, Susan Hida, Thomas A. Ostrom, Dolores Valls COLORADO, Behrooz Far, Stephen Harelson, Jessica Martinez CONNECTICUT, Timothy D. Fields DELAWARE , Barry A. Benton, Jason Hastings DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Donald L. Cooney, Konjit C. “Conn
9、ie” Eskender, Richard Kenney FLORIDA, Sam Fallaha, Dennis William Potter, Jeff Pouliotte GEORGIA, Bill DuVall, Steve Gaston HAWAII , James Fu IDAHO, Matthew Farrar ILLINOIS, Tim A. Armbrecht, Carl Puzey INDIANA, Anne M. Rearick IOWA , Ahmad Abu-Hawash, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Mark E. Hoppe, John
10、P. Jones KENTUCKY, Mark Hite, Marvin Wolfe LOUISIANA, Arthur DAndrea, Paul Fossier, Zhengzheng “Jenny” Fu MAINE, Jeffrey S. Folsom, Wayne Frankhauser, Michael Wight MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Jeffrey L. Robert, Gregory Scott Roby MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow, Thomas Donald, Joseph Rigney MIC
11、HIGAN, Matthew Jack Chynoweth, David Juntunen MINNESOTA, Arielle Ehrlich, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI, Austin Banks, Justin Walker, Scott Westerfield MISSOURI, Dennis Heckman, Scott Stotlemeyer MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes, David F. Johnson NEBRASKA, Mark Ahlman, Fouad Jaber, Mark J. Traynowicz NEVADA, Tro
12、y Martin, Jessen Mortensen NEW HAMPSHIRE , David L. Scott, Peter Stamnas NEW JERSEY , Xiaohua “Hannah” Cheng, Nagnath “Nat” Kasbekar, Eli D. Lambert NEW MEXICO , Ted L. Barber, Raymond M. Trujillo, Jeff C. Vigil NEW YORK , Wahid Albert, Richard Marchione NORTH CAROLINA, Brian Hanks, Scott Hidden, Th
13、omas Koch NORTH DAKOTA, Terrence R. Udland OHIO, Alexander B.C. Dettloff, Timothy J. Keller OKLAHOMA, Steven Jacobi, Walter Peters OREGON, Bruce V. Johnson, Tanarat Potisuk, Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANIA, James M. Long,Thomas P. Macioce, Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, (Vacant) RHODE ISLAND, Georgette Chahine S
14、OUTH CAROLINA, Barry W. Bowers, Terry B. Koon, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, Steve Johnson TENNESSEE, John S. Hastings, Wayne J. Seger TEXAS, Bernie Carrasco, Jamie F. Farris, Gregg A. Freeby U.S. DOT, Joseph L. Hartmann UTAH, Carmen Swanwick, Cheryl Hersh Simmons, Joshua Sletten VERMONT, James LaCroi
15、x, Wayne B. Symonds VIRGINIA, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Kendal R. Walus WASHINGTON , Tony M. Allen, Thomas E. Baker, Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRGINIA , Ahmed Mongi, Billy Varney 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of
16、 applicable law.iv WISCONSIN , Scot Becker, William C. Dreher, William Olivia WYOMING , Paul G. Cortez, Gregg C. Frederick, Michael E. Menghini GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT, Kary H. Witt MDTA, Dan Williams N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUT
17、HORITY, Jeffrey Wright PENN. TURNPIKE COMMISSION, James Stump U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Phillip W. Sauser, Christopher H. Westbrook U.S. COAST GUARD, Kamal Elnahal U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE, John R. Kattell KOREA, Eui-Joon Lee, Sang-Soon Lee SASKATCHEWAN,
18、 Howard Yea TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD, Waseem Dekelbab 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.v CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK FOR BRIDGE TEMPORARY WORKS TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1S
19、COPE 1-1 1.2 DEFINITIONS 1-1 1.3RELATED PUBLICATIONS .1-2 SECTION 2 FALSEWORK 2.1MATERIALS AND MANUFA CTURED COMPONENTS 2-1 2.1.1Structural Steel 2-1 2.1.1.1 Quality of Steel 2-1 2.1.1.2 Dimensional Tolerances 2-1 2.1.1.3Conditioning of Salvaged Steel .2-1 2.1.1.4 Welding .2-4 2.1.2 Wood .2-8 2.1.3M
20、anufactured Components . 2-10 2.2FOUNDATIONS 2-12 2.2.1Shallow Foundations . 2-12 2.2.2 Deep Foundations . 2-15 2.2.3Protection of the Foundation . 2-18 2.3CONSTRUCTION 2-19 2.3.1 General 2-19 2.3.2 Wood Construction . 2-21 2.3.3 Vertical Shoring Systems 2-22 2.3.4Cable Bracing 2-24 2.3.5Bridge Deck
21、 Falsework . 2-25 2.3.6Traffic Openings . 2-28 2.4LOADING 2-30 2.4.1Loads During Falsework Erection . 2-30 2.4.2Concrete Placement . 2-30 2.4.3Load Redistribution . 2-31 2.4.4 Other Conditions . 2-32 2.5 INSPECTION . 2-32 2.5.1 General 2-32 2.5.2 Vertical Take-Up . 2-32 2.5.3 Inspection During Concr
22、ete Placement . 2-32 2.5.4 Inspection After Concrete Placement 2-33 SECTION 3 FORMWORK 3.1 INTRODUCTION .3-1 3.2FORM COMPONENTS .3-1 3.2.1Sheathing .3-2 3.2.2Structural Supports 3-6 3.2.3Form Accessories 3-9 3.3LOADS . 3-13 3.4FORMWORK TYPES 3-15 3.4.1Job -Built Formwork 3-15 3.4.2Modular Formwork .
23、 3-15 3.4.3Stay -in-Place Formwork . 3-16 3.4.4 Gang Forms . 3-16 3.4.5Plate -Girder Forms 3-18 3.4.6Traveling Forms 3-19 3.5CONSTRUCTION 3-20 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vi 3.6FORM M
24、AINTENANCE . 3-22 3.6.1Stripping 3-22 3.6.2Cleaning an d Release Agent Application 3-22 3.6.3 Handling and Storage 3-22 3.6.4Coatings and Agents . 3-23 SECTION 4 TEMPORARY RETAINING STRUCTURES 4.1 INTRODUCTION .4-1 4.2CLASSIFICATIONS 4-1 4.2.1 Wood Sheathing 4-4 4.2.2Soldier Piles 4-5 4.2.3Steel She
25、et Piles 4-7 4.2.4Tangent Piles .4-7 4.3SELECTION OF COFFERD AM SCHEME .4-8 4.4RELATIVE COSTS 4-10 4.5SELECTION OF SUPPORT METHOD . 4-10 4.6SEALING AND BUOYANCY CONTROL . 4-10 4.7SEEPAGE CONTROL . 4-11 4.8PROTECTION 4-15 4.9CONSTRUCTION 4-15 4.9.1 Wood Sheet Cofferdam 4-15 4.9.2Soldier Pile/Wood Lag
26、ging cofferdam . 4-17 4.9.3Steel Sheet Pile Cofferdam . 4-18 4.9.4Soil and Rock Anchors 4-19 4.9.5Soil Nail Walls 4-23 4.9.6 Internal Bracing . 4-24 APPENDICES APPENDIX ASECTION PROPERTIES O F STANDARD DRESSED (S4S) AND ROUGH SAWN LUMBER A-1 APPENDIX BFAL SEWORK AND FORMWORK DESIGN EXAMPLES B-1 Exam
27、ple 1Slab Falsework with Overhang Bracket . B-1 Example 2 Needle Beam B-7 Example 3Pier Cap Vertical Formwork B-12 Example 4 Wind Load on Falsework . B-18 Example 5Falsework Cable Bracing . B-24 Example 6Falsework Loadin g in Longitudinal Direction . B-28 Example 7False work Internal Cable Bracing B
28、-33 APPENDIX CRECOMMENDED THICKNE SSES OF WOOD LAGGING . C-1 APPENDIX DSTEEL SHEET PILE DAT A . D-1 REFERENCES R-1 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vii CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK FOR BRIDGE TEM
29、PORARY WORKS LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1.1.4-1Fillet Weld Profiles 2-7 Figure 2.1.2-1Shapes in which Knots Appear in Various Structural Members and Methods of Measurement 2-9 Figure 2.1.2-2Determination of Combined Slope of Gain . 2-9 Figure 2.1.3-1Frame and Braced Tower Buckling Modes . 2-11 Figure
30、2.1.3-2Adjustable Horizontal Shoring Beams Spanning between Bridge Piers and Temporary Timber Bents . 2-11 Figure 2.1.3-3Adjustable Overhang Bracket for Precast Concrete Stringer 2-12 Figure 2.2.1-1Analysis of Plate Bearing Tests 2-14 Figure 2.2.2-1Interpretation of Pile Load Test 2-16 Figure 2.2.2-
31、2Load Test Analysis where Downdrag Acts o n Pile . 2-17 Figure 2.2.3-1 Washout under Sill Support 2-18 Figure 2.2.3-2Sole Plate and Bracing Details for Falsework Supported on a Sloped Surface . 2-19 Figure 2.3.1-1 Wood Cross-Bracing between Longitudinal Stringers 2-20 Figure 2.3.1-2Cantilevered Ledg
32、er Beam at Temporary Pile Bent . 2-21 Figure 2.3.3-1Examples of Plan Bracing of Modular Frames . 2-23 Figure 2.3.3-2Bracing Detail for Screw Leg Supporting a Sloped Soffit 2-24 Figure 2.3.4-1Typical Installation of Wire Rope Slip . 2-25 Figure 2.3.5-1Bridge Deck Falsework . 2-27 Figure 2.3.6-1Traffi
33、c Openings . 2-29 Figure 2.4.3-1Deformation of Spans Subject to Post -Tensioning . 2-31 Figure 3.2-1 Formwork Components 3-1 Figure 3.2.1-1Plywood Sheathing for Horizontal Formwork 3-2 Figure 3.2.3-1Form Ties 3-10 Figure 3.2.3-2 Coil Tie System . 3-12 Figure 3.2.3-3Exterior an d Interior Formwork Ha
34、ngers 3-13 Figure 3.3-1 Distribution of Concrete Pressure with Form Height . 3-14 Figure 3.3-2 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Formwork for Various Temperatures . 3-14 Figure 3.4.1-1Job -Built Formwork 3-15 Figure 3.4.4-1Assembled Gang Form 3-17 Figure 3.4.4-2Gang Form for Wall Construction 3-17 Fig
35、ure 3.4.5-1Plate Girder Form Sp anning between Two Supports 3-18 Figure 3.4.5-2Plate Girder Form s Used to Form a Bridge Pier . 3-19 Figure 3.5-1 Vibration of Concrete . 3-21 Figure 3.5-2 Proper and Improper Securing Wedges . 3-21 Figure 3.5-3 Proper and Improper Positioning Wedges . 3-21 Figure 3.5
36、-4 Proper and Improper Spacing of Walers 3-22 Figure 3.5-5 Proper and Improper Installation of Coil Bolt 3-22 Figure 4.2-1 Typical Cofferdams . 4-2 Figure 4.2-2 Internally Braced Cofferdam Systems . 4-2 Figure 4.2-3 Self-Supporting and Externally Anchored Cofferdam Systems . 4-3 Figure 4.2.1-1Types
37、of Wood Sheet Piling . 4-4 Figure 4.2.2-1Louver Effect for Wood Lagging 4-5 Figure 4.2.2-2Steel Soldier Piles . 4-6 Figure 4.2.2-3Concrete In -Fill between Soldier Piles 4-6 Figure 4.2.2-4 Wood Lagging to Front Flange . 4-6 Figure 4.2.3-1Typical Steel Sheet -Piling Sections 4-7 Figure 4.2.4-1Ty pica
38、l Pile Arrangements 4-8 Figure 4.7-1 Penetration of Sheeting Required to Prevent Piping in Isotropic Sand 4-12 Figure 4.7-2 Penetration of Sheeting Required to Prevent Piping in Stratified Sand . 4-13 Figure 4.9.1-1 Wood Sheeting Systems 4-16 Figure 4.9.1-2Sheet Pile Dri ving Procedure 4-16 Figure 4
39、.9.2-1Soldier Pile Retained with Soil Anchors . 4-18 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viii Figure 4.9.4-1Sheet Pile Installation 4-23 Figure 4.9.6-1Typical Framing Arrangements 4-25 Figure
40、 4.9.6-2Typical Connection for an Inclined Brace and Horizontal Wale 4-26 Figure 4.9.6-3Typical Wale and Anchor Rod Details . 4-26 Figure B-1Slab Falsework with Overhang Bracket . B-2 Figure B-2Load Deflection Curve for Steel Overhang Bracket B-6 Figure B-3Needle Beam for Slab Overhang B-8 Figure B-
41、4Pier Cap on Friction Coll ar . B-13 Figure B-5Falsework Tower Elevation . B-18 Figure B-6Falsework Towers with Internal Cable Bracing B-24 Figure B-7Tower Reactions B-25 Figure B-7A Stability B-25 Figure B-7B Stability . B-27 Figure B-8Falsework Bents B-28 Figure B-8A Span AB . B-29 Figure B-8B Spa
42、n BC B-30 Figure B-8C Span CD B-30 Figure B-8D Span DE B-31 Figure B-8E Span EF . B-31 Figure B-8F Span FG B-32 Figure B-8G Span GH . B-32 Figure B-8H Bent H B-32 Figure B-9Falsework with Internal Cable Bracing . B-35 Figure B-9A Cable A . B-39 Figure B-9B Cable B . B-40 Figure B-10S ag . B-42 Figur
43、e D-1 Normal Interlock Swing is at Least 10 Degrees on Arch Web and Straight Web Shapes D-2 Figure D-2 Steel Sheet Piling Interlocks in the Normal Position . D-3 Figure D-3 Steel Sheet Piling Interlocks in the Reverse Position (not recommended). D-3 2017 by the American Association of State Highway
44、and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ix CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK FOR BRIDGE TEMPORARY WORKS LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1.1.1-1Early ASTM Steel Specifications .2-1 Table 2.1.1.3-1Permitted Variations in Cross Section for W, HP, S, M, C, and MC Shapes
45、 .2-2 Table 2.1.1.3-2Permitted Variations in Straightness W and HP Shapes 2-3 Table 2.1.1.3-3Permitted Variations in Straightness C, M, C, MC, L, T, Z, and Bulb Angle Shapes 2-3 Table 2.1.1.4-1Matching Filler Metal Requirements 2-5 Table 2.1.1.4-2Preferred Analysis of Carbon Steel for Good Weldabili
46、ty .2-5 Table 2.1.1.4-3 Weld Profile Schedule 2-6 Table 2.1.1.4-4 Weld Profile Tolerance 2-6 Table 2.3.6-1Falsework Depth and Span Relationship 2-30 Table 3.2.1-1Grade -Use Guide for Plyform Sheathing 3-3 Table 3.2.1-2Recommended Maximum Pressures on Plyform 3-4 Table 3.2.1-3Section Properties for P
47、lyform Class I and Class II and Structural I Plyform.3-5 Table 3.2.1-4Design Stresses for Plyform 3-5 Table 3.2.1-5Formulas for Safe Support Spacings of Joists and Ledgers .3-6 Table 3.2.2-1Beam Formulas .3-8 Table 4.9.4-1Typical Equipment for Construction of Tiebacks . 4-20 Table A-1Section Propert
48、ies of Standard Dresses (S4S) Lumber A-1 Table A-2Section Properties of Rough Sawn Lumber A-3 Table B-1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient . B-19 Table B-2 Velocity Pressure at Each Height Zone B-20 Table B-3 Wind Pressure at Each Falsework Height Zone . B-21 Table B-4 Wind Load per Tower for Ea
49、ch Height Zone . B-22 Table B-5 Loads from Stringers (kips) B-35 Table B-6 Post Reactions (lbf) B-40 Table B-7 Summary pf Stresses (psi) B-41 Table B-8 Summary of Stresses (psi) B-42 Table B-9 Sag and Offset Distances B-43 Table C-1Recommended Thickness of Wood Lagging for Various Soil Types C-1 Table D-1Standard Sheet Piling . D-4 Table D-2H- Pile
