1、MANUAL ON FO U N DATI ON I NVESTIG AT1 O N S 1978 Developed by the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures Copyright 1967 Revised April, 1978 Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225 Washington, D.C. 2
2、0001 AASHTO TITLE FIM-i? 78 Ob39804 0003635 b42 M HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 1978 Sidney L. Poleynard, Lliuiriana. Chahan Lester A. Herr, EHWA, Secrelrry Frank D. Sears, FIlWA, Assistant Secretary Alabama Charles Cook Alaska Dan Halited Arizona hfartin Toney Arkansas *Veral Pinke
3、rton California Robert Cawno Colorado Paul Chuiarsky. Jr. Connecticut Delaware Robert C. McDowcU District of Columbia Harry hoy Florida Thoma Alberdi, JI. Georgia John T. Kratzer Hawaii Clarence R. Yamamoto Idaho Robert B. Jarviq Illinois Carl E. Thunman. Jr. Indiana E. Wayne Waltera Iowa Charles Pe
4、stotnik Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Theodore Karasopoulas Maryland Massachusetts John J. Aherne, Jr. hichigan Adrianus VanKampcn hlinnesota Keith V. Benthin hississippi Bennie B. Verell Missouri W. Dale Carney Montana Howard E. Strdtton Nebraska James R. Holmes Nevada Hugh Brinson New Hampshire
5、Edward T. Swierz New Jersey Warren J. Sunderland New Mexico Herman Tachau New York North Carolina Landia hi. Temple North Dakota Stan Haas Ohio Oklahoma Veldo hi. Coins Oregon *Walter J. Hart Pennsylvania Bernard F. Kotalik Puerto Rico Rhode Island *Rishard B. Kalunian South Carolina South Dakota *K
6、enneth C. Wwn Tennessee Texas Wayne Hennebergcr USDOT W. Jack Wilkes Utah Ray Behling Vermont Wendell hi. Smith Virginia Washington Charles S. Cluyd West Virginia Wisconsin William A. Kline Wyoming Charles H. Wilson New Brunswick James Fraser *Member: Subcommittee on Substructures and Retaining Wall
7、s J. E. Cavawugh Milton O. Johnson) Eale E. Wilkinson (Glen hi. Koontz) Charles G. Cook R. K. Captio) David S. Huvai (Sidney L. Polcynrird) Ekle S. Freedman (Hugh G. Downs) Edward V. Houripn (Robert N. Kamp) *Robert B. Pfeifer (Fred H. Ray) Jose J. Afuniz (Samuel Laboy) John R. Coleman (E. S. Coffey
8、) Henry Derthick (Robert C. Odie) Fred C. Sutherland (J. N. hcCabe. Jr.1 Harry H. Stephens (Robert C. Smith) Ontario P. CSagOlY _- _- _ AASHTO TITLE FIM-2 78 = Ob39804 0003632 089 Table of Contents THE BODY PART I . INTRODUCTION Page GENERAL . 1 PURPOSE OF MANUAL . 1 LIMITATIONS 1 CONTENTS 1 PART II
9、 . RECONNAISSANCE OFFICE RECOSNAISSANCE . Study of Existing Structures Study of Preliminary Plans Consultation With Others Review of Other Information . Topographic Maps Geologic Maps Agricultural Maps Well-Drilling Logs Remote Sensing . Formulation of Boring Plan FJELD RECONNAISSANCE Itemsto Observ
10、e . Location of Bents and Piers Surface Soils . Gullies. Excavations. Slopes. or Stream Banks . Surface and Subsurface Water. . Study of Existing Structures Topography and Vegetation . Information Required by the Drill Crew . Verification of Boring Plan Reference Points and Bench Marks . Type of Equ
11、ipment Needed., . Permission of Property Owners Utilities . General Notes Geophysical Survey Field Reconnaissance Report 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10. 11 PART III . FOUNDATIOX EXPLORATION GENERAL. 12 12 13 Permission of Property Owners Locations of Roads. Structures. an
12、d Utilities . . i ASHTO TITLE FIM-L! 78 m Ob34804 0003b33 TL5 D Table of Contents GENERAL (Continued) Special Equipment Layout- Surveying . Vertical Control Tolerance in Hole Location SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION PLAN., . METHOD OF DRILLING Rotary Drilling . Auger Drilling Wash-Boring . Drilling by Contin
13、uous Sampling Coring . Special Methods SAMPLING . Split-Barrel Sampling., . Push Barrel or Thin-Walled Tube Sampling Wet Barrel or Double Wall Sampling Dry Barrel or Single Wall Sampling . WashSampling . Retractable Plug Sampling., . Sample Protection and Transportation . FIELD TESTS. . Dynamic Fiel
14、d Tests., Standard Penetration Test . Cone Penetrometer Test . Driven Probe Test Driven Casing Test . Static Penetrometer Test., In-Place Vane Shear Teat Other Field Tests . FIELD BORING LOG . Duties ofthe Logger Field Identification and Classification of Soils and Rocks Field Tests Logging Equipmen
15、t and Supplies Format of Field Boring Log Logging Procedures . Groundwater Table SITE CLEAN-UP. OPEN PIT AND TRENCH EXCAVATIOX . OpenTest Pits . Test Trenches EXAMPUE FORM Typical Field Boring Log Pas 13 13 14 14 14 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 27 28
16、28 28 28 28 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 ii Page GENERAL . 33 GRAIN SIZE, SHAPE, AND GRADATION . 33 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. . 35 ATTERBERG LIMITS . 35 CONSOLIDATION . 35 TRIAXIAL SHEAR. . 36 DIRECT SHEAR 36 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION . 36 MOISTURE CONTENT AND IN-PLACE DEKSITY . 36 CLASSIFICATION . 37 PART IV - LABORA
17、TORY TESTS PART V - COMPILING INFORMATION GENERAL . FINISHED BOREG LOG PLOTTING SOIL PROFILES. ARRANGEMENT OF TEST DATA CRITICAL STUDY AND IMPLICATIONS. . FINAL WRITTEN REPORT Type of Support . Pile Support Footing Foundation Support Approach Fill Considerations Construction Considerations . EXAMPLE
18、S Typical Finished Boring Log Soil Profile Test Results . Boring Log Legend 38 38 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 43-46 43 44 45 46 AASHTO TITLE FIM-i! 78 M Ob37804 0005635 898 M Table of Contents THE APPENDIX APPENDIX A . GEOLOGY GENERAL . A-1 BEDROCK . A-1 Origin of Rocks . A-1 Igneous Rocks A-1 Sedime
19、ntary Rocks A-2 Metamorphic Rocks . A4 COMMON TYPES OF ROCK . A-5 Classification A-5 Minerals . A-5 Hardness A-5 A-6 A-6 Minimum Equipment for Identification . Steps in Identification of Rock STRUCTURAL TYPES ENCOUNTERED IN ROCK . A-7 Terms . A-7 Types of Folds. A-8 A-10 Jointsand Bedding Planes . A
20、-8 WEATHERING., . A-9 Rain . A-9 Frost A-11 Wind A-li Insolation A-11 Illustration of Types of Folds TABLE OF 32 COMMON ROCKS A-13 TABLE OF 20 COMMON MINERALS . A-19 APPENDIX B . SOILS GENERAL . B-1 FORMATION OF SOILS . B-1 Geologic Cycle . B-1 eathe he ring. B-2 Mechanical . B-2 Mechanical Abrasion
21、., B-2 Temperature Changes . B-2 Other Agents . B-3 Chemical B-3 Products of Weathering B-3 Transported Soils . B-4 Water-Deposited Soils (Alluvial and Marine Deposits) . B-4 iv . - AASHTO TITLE FIM-2 78 0639804 0003636 724 Table of Contents THE APPENDICES Page Wind-Deposited Soils (Aeolian Deposits
22、) . B-5 Volcanic Ash-Pumice . B-6 Ice-Deposited Soils (Glacial Deposits) . B-6 Gravity-Deposited Soils (Colluvial Deposits) . B-7 Residual Soils B-7 FORMATION OF SOILS (Continued) SOIL PROPERTIES . B-8 Physical Properties . B-8 Voids B-8 Soil Moisture . B-8 Specific Gravity B-9 Unit Weight B-9 Relat
23、ionships . B-10 Relative Density B-11 Grain Size . B-11 Soil Particle Sizes (Chart) . B-13 Grain Size Distribution Curves (Plot) . B-14 Grading Chart (Photos) B-15 Grain Sizes (Photos) B-16 Grain Shape B-17 Roundness Chart (Photos) B-19 Plasticity B-17 B- 18 Strength . B-18 Mohr Diagram (Plot) B-22
24、Compressibility B-21 Pressure - Void Ratio Curve (Plot) B-24 B-25 SOIL CLASSIFICATION . B-26 B-26 Coarse-Grained Soils . B-27 B-27 GW Group B-27 SW Group B-28 GP Group B-28 B-28 GM Group B-29 Engineeriiig Character i st ic s . Pressure - Void Ratio Curve (Plot - Log Scale) . Unified Soil Classificat
25、ion System Less Than 5% Pass the No . 200 Sieve . SP Group . B-28 More Than 12% Pass the No . 200 Sieve GC Group B-29 SM Group B-29 SC Group B-29 B-29 Fine-Grained Soils B-30 PIIL Group B-30 MH Group B-30 CL Group B-30 CH Group B-30 Borderline . B-31 Borderline (Between 5/10 and 12%) . V -.- . AASHT
26、O TITLE FIM-2 78 Ob3OY 0003637 bb0 Table of Contents THE APPENDICES SOIL CLASSIFICATION (Continued) Page Highly Organic Soils B-31 OL Group B-31 OH Group B-31 Field Identification B-31 Coarse-Grained Soils. . B-31 Fine-Grained Soils B-32 Highly Organic Soils B-32 Dual Classifications., . B-32 B-32 B
27、-34 B-33 -35 B-36 POSSIBLE ABBREVLATIONS., . B-38 GLOSSARY . B-39 TABLES AND CHARTS Description of Moisture Content., Unified Soil Classification Chart Laboratory Identification Procedure (FOLD-OUT) MANUAL TESTS FOR FIELD IDENTIFICATION Silt and Clay Characteristics . Soil Percentage Triangles . B-3
28、7 APPENDIX C . TESTING SECTION ON FIELD TESTS . Consistency and Density Testing By Penetrometer Apparatus Procedure . Discussion . Sources of Error . Cone Penetrometer Test . Apparatus Procedure . Discussion . Driven Probe Test (Probe Point Penetrometer Test) Apparatus Procedure . Friction Penetrome
29、ter Nomograph . Static Cone Penetrometer Test . SoilShear Teete In-Place Vane Shear Test Apparatus Procedure . Field Calculations Shear Vane Assembly (Drawing). . Load Plate Test Standard Penetration Test (AASHTO T 206) . c-1 c-1 c-1 c-1 c-1 c-2 G-2 c-2 c-2 c-2 c-3 c-3 c-3 c-4 c-4 c-5 C-4 C-6 C-ti C
30、-6 C-6 C-6 c-11 c-7 vi - - - AASHTO TITLE FIM-2 78 Ob39804 0003638 5T7 Table of Contents THE APPENDICES APPENDIX C . TESTING (Continued) Page SECTION ON LABORATORY TESTING . C-7 PHOTOGRAPHS OF FIELD TEST EQUIPMENT C-12-13 APPENDIX D . DRILLING GENERAL . D-1 DRILLING METHODS . D-1 Rotary Drilling . D
31、-1 D-2 Rock Coring D-3 Wash-Boring . D-3 Continuous Sampling Method . D-4 Auger Drilling D-4 Percussion Drilling . D-5 D-5 Table of Bentonite Proportions . DRILLJX G EQUIP MENT . Drilling Units D-5 Rotary Drilling Equipment . D-6 Drill Rods . D-6 Casing . D-7 Drill Bits D-7 Drilling Accessories D-8
32、D-8 D-9 D-10 D-11 D-12 Wash-Boring Equipment . D-12 Auger Drilling Equipment D-12 Table of Popular Size Augers D-13 Table of Auger Heads . D-13 Table of Hollow-Stem Auger Sizes D-14 Diamond Size Comparison Chart D-15 Casing Bit and Shell Diameters (Table) D-16 Set Bit and Shell Diameters (Table) . 0
33、-17 Photographs of Equipment D-18-19 Diamond Core Drilling Equipment Table of Drill Rods, Casing and Coring Bits . Table of Diamond Sizes Table of Total Carat Weight Table of Matrix Hardness APPENDIX E . SAMPLING GENERAL . E-1 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL SAMPLES E-1 Disturbed Samples E-1 Undisturbed Samp
34、les E-1 vii AASHTO TITLE FIM-F! 78 M Ob39804 0003b39 Y33 M Table of Contents THE APPENDICES Page APPENDM E . SAMPLING (Continued) FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING E-2 ROCK BORINGS. . E-2 DETAILED METHODS OF SECURING SAMPLES E-2 Split-Barrel Sampling . E-2 Push Barrel or Thin-Walled Tube Sampling E-3 Shelby Tub
35、e Sampling . E-3 Stationary Piston Type Sampling E-5 Wet Barrel or Double Wall Tube Sampling . E-6 Dry Barrel or Single Wall Tube Sampling E-7 Retractable Plug Sampling . E-7 Rock Core Boring6 E-8 Split-Barrel Samples E-9 Push Barrel or Thin-Walled Tube Samples E-9 Wet Barrel or Double Wall Tube Sam
36、ples E-10 Retractable Plug Samples. . E-10 RockCores E-10 PRESERVING SAMPLES E-8 PHOTOGRAPHS OF EQUIPMENT E-11 APPENDM F . GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION F-1 Geophysical Investigation F-1 Seismic Methods F-2 Seismic Problems and Limitations . F-5 Resistivity Methods . F-6 Resistivit
37、y Problems and Limitations . F-6 BIBLIOGRAPHY b1b-1 viii AASHTO TITLE FIM-2 78 Ob39804 0003b40 155 M I l PART I This Manual is a revision of the 1967 Manual on Foundation Investigation. The revision includes the use of both US. Customary and the exact Inter- national System of Units (SI) dimensions.
38、 I INTR ODUC TIOS GENERAL: performance of its foundation, it is evident that the first step in the successful design of any structure is that of achieving a proper foundation design. properly applied, it is necessary to have knowledge of the distribution, types, and engineering properties of subsurf
39、ace materials. Hence, a careful foundation investigation can minimize the need for overdesign (an uneconomical practice employed to compensate for lack of knowledge of foundation material) and re- duce the cases of underdesign (and the resulting failures attributed to the so- called %nforeseen“ soil
40、 conditions). Therefore, the purpose of foundation investigation is to provide the de- signer with information on the engineering properties, including load carrying capacity, of the natural material available for use as the foundation of a struc- ture. This information will permit the selection of
41、the best suited foundation material and will affect or govern the type and design of the structural founda- tion. PURPOSE OF MANUAL: poses, but it is intended to provide a logical approach to the investigation prob- lem by describing suggested procedures for the execution of the investigation. These
42、 procedures are intended to carry the investigation from its original con- ception through the various phases of office, field, and laboratory work, analysis by the Soils or Foundation Engineer, and thence to the desk of the structural designer. LIMITATIONS: It is realized that any foundation invest
43、igation will leave cer- tain areas unexplored. It is further realized that there are an infinite number of conditions to be met and that it would be impractical to attempt to provide a set of rules for all possible cases. Thus, neither this -Manual nor any manual will answer all foundation investiga
44、tion problems. It leaves many areas where individual judgement and experience must be utilized. The procedures set forth herein will not be sufficient to meet the needs of all organizations; however, the Manual is sufficiently broad and flexible to lend itself to any revisions as may be required by
45、its users. CONTENTS: Appendices. The Body includes a detailed, step-by-step procedure for a founda- tion investigation. lined in The Body. Included is auxiliary material on Geology, Soils, Field Tests, Laboratory Tests, Drilling, Sampling, and Geophysical Exploration, as well as a Bibliography! Sinc
46、e the stability and safe of a structure depend upon the proper Soil mechanics is the basis of foundation design, and before its laws can be This Manual is not to be used for any design pur- This Manual is divided into two portions - The Body and The The Appendices are provided to supplement the meth
47、ods and concepts out- AASHTO TITLE FIM-i! 78 Ob3980Y 0003bY5 O91 PART ZX RECONNAISSANCE A field investigation can be more intelligently planned if a review is made of available information on the area before proceeding with the actual soundings and borings. This review can be divided into the two ph
48、ases, ffice Recon- naissance and Field Reconnaissance. OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE: In the office phase, the following steps and sources of information are recommended. it is probable that all of these sources will not be utilized on any one site. However, all of them are possible sources of good informat
49、ion which is available much more cheaply than that obtained from drilling and sampling. Study of Existing Structures: A review of plans of other existing structures in the area, along with a review of the construction records of these existing structures will generally provide very valuable information at minimum ex- pense. Rudy of Preliminary Plans: Often preliminary sketches and plans depend upon foundation data, but where the preliminary plans are prepared, the engineer in charge of the foundation investigation should become completely familiar with the proposed s
