1、 GUIDE FOR HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE (HOV) FACILITIES OCTOBER 2004 Prepared by the Technical Committee on Public Transportation Facilities Design AASHTO Subcommittee on Design Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 W
2、ashington, D.C. 20001 www.transportation.org (202) 624-5800 O Copyright 2004 by the American Association of State Highway and Transporation Officials. A/ rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United
3、 States of America. Publ. Code: GHOV-3 ISBN # 1-56051 -295-4 Top cover photo courtesy of Linda Siadys. AASHTO 20044005 Executive Committee Voting Members OfJicers: President: J. Bryan Nicol, Indiana Vice President: Jack Lettiere, New Jersey Secretary-Treasurer: Larry M. King, Pennsylvania Regional R
4、epresentatives: REGION I: Allen Biehler, Pennsylvania, One-Year Term Dan Tangherlini, District of Columbia, Two-Year Term REGION II: Fernando Fagundo, Puerto Rico, One-Year Term Harold Linnenkohl, Georgia, Two-Year Term REGION III: Gloria Jeff, Michigan, One-Year Term Frank Busalacchi, Wisconsin, Tw
5、o-Year Term REGION IV: Tom Norton, Colorado, One-Year Term David Sprynczynatyk, North Dakota, Two-Year Term Nonvoting Members Immediate Past President: John R. Njord, Utah Executive Director: John Horsley, Washington, DC Technical Committee on Public Transportation Facilities Design Members Region I
6、 Region II Region III Region IV Michelle D. Hoffman, Maryland Luisa Paiewonsky, Massachusetts Robert Schlicht (Secretary), FHWA Joseph P. Pailadi, Georgia Stephen Bates, Virginia Michael Christensen, Minnesota Antonette C. Clark, California Myron Swisher, Colorado Carlos A. Lopez (Chair), Texas Dave
7、 McCormick, Washington Ad Hoc Members Jim McDonnell, AASHTO Dennis Christiansen, Texas Transportation Institute Chuck Fuhs, Parsons Brhckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Inc. Jon Obenberger, FHWA Representing the TRB HOV Systems Committee Dave Schumacher, Metropolitan Transit Development Board, San Diego K
8、atherine Turnbull, Texas Transportation Institute Agnes Govern, Sound Transit, Seattle Thomas W. Mulligan, City of Mississauga, Ontario iv AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Design Chair: Vice Chair: Secretary: Liaison: Member Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Alle
9、n D. Biehler, Pennsylvania Susan Martinovich, FHWA Dwight A. Home, Nevada Jim McDonnell, AASHTO District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Don T. Arkle Steven E. Walker, P.E. Gary Hogins, P.E. John L. Louis Phillip L. McConnell Charles D. Clements Mark Leja Dean Van DeWe
10、ge Carl F. Bard Arthur W. Gruhn James H. Norman Michael A. Angelo . Kevin Canning Michael H. Simmons Kathleen Penney Zahra Dorriz Allen Miller Brian A. Blanchard, P.E. Robert Greer Jim Mills, P.E. Thomas L. Turner, P.E. James “Ben” Buchan, P.E. Gary C.P. Choy Julius Fronda Loren D. Thomas Steven C.
11、Hutchinson Michael Hine Gerald Mroczka Michael J. Kennerly David L. Little William J. Stein V Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio James O.
12、Brewer Richard G. Adams LaMonte C. Armstrong Kenneth Sperry, P.E. David Jones Gary W. Sharpe, P.E. N. Kent Israel Nicholas Kalivoda, III Lloyd E. Porta, Jerome A. Casey, P.E. Kirk G. McClelland Robert D. Douglass John Blundo, P.E. Stanley Wood, Jr. Mark Van Port Fleet Richard A. Elasky Mukhtar Thaku
13、r David Foster John B. Pickering, P.E. Keith Purvis David E. Nichols Diane Heckemeyer Carl S. Peil Paul R. Ferry Ronald E. Williams Don Turek Dawn Allyn Eldon D. Poppe Wayne Kinder Craig A. Green Richard W. Dunne Arthur J. Eisdorfer Robert A. Signora Roy Maestas Dennis Peralta Max Valerio Phillip J.
14、 Clark Daniel D? Angelo, P.E. Richard W. Lee Jay A. Bennett, P.E. Deborah M. Barbour Art McMillan Mark Gaydos Cash Misel Larry F. Sutherland, P.E. vi Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisco
15、nsin Wyoming Christine M. Senkowski, P.E. Bruce E. Taylor Thomas Lauer Dean A. Schreiber, P.E. Ariel Prez Jos E. Santana-Pimente1 J. Michael Bennett, P.E. Robert I. Pratt Rocque L. Kneece, P.E. John V. Walsh, P.E. Joel Gengler Joe J. Feller Jeff C. Jones James Zeigler Mark A. Marek Jason E. Davis Ro
16、bert F. Shattuck Mohammad Mirshahi, P.E. Harold Peterfeso Richard Albin Norman H. Roush, P.E. David E. Clevenger Randolph T. Epperly, Jr. Beth Cannestra Robert F. Pfeiffer Paul P. Bercich U.S. DOT Member FAA Rick Marinelli, P.E Associate Member-Bridge, Port, and Toll N.J. Turnpike Authority Penn. Tu
17、rnpike Commission Port Authority of NY and NJ J. Lawrence Williams Barry L. Troup, P.E. Yue Sun Chen Associate Member-Federal USDA Forest Service Deborah Beighley Associate Member-International Alberta Allan Kwan British Columbia Richard Voyer Ontario Joe Bucik Saskatchewan Sukhy Kent Vii Acknowledg
18、ements AASHTOs Technical Committee on Public Transportation Facilities Design is indebted to the many contributions to this guide. The foundational bases of the guide were the NCHRP Report 414, HOV Systems Manual and the previous edition of the AASHTO Guide for the Design of High-Occupancy Vehicle F
19、acilities. Technical Committee members were assigned to the sections of this guide, and they provided the first draft of the sections by including recent developments and experience in the planning, operation, and design of HOV facilities. The additional background research and editing was accomplis
20、hed by William Ekele, Ginger Daniels Goodin, and Michael Martello of the Texas Transportation Institute, with Ivan Lorenz developing and editing graphics and Pam Rowe performing the word processing. The Technical Committee also wishes to thank the many individuals who provided comments and feedback
21、during the peer-review pro- cess. viii Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF TABLES . xvii INTRODUCTION . xix Overview xix CHAPTER 1 PLANNING FOR FREEWAY AND ARTERIAL HOV FACILITIES . 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Overview of the Planning Process 1 Groups Involved in Planning HOV Lanes 1 General Transpo
22、rtation Planning Concepts . 1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 General Steps in Planning HOV Lanes . 4 Planning HOV Lanes on Freeways and Arterials 5 1.2.2 Corridor-Level Planning 7 1.2.1 Regional-Level Planning 6 1.2.3 Facility-Level Planning 17 1.2.4 Sketch-Planning Techniques 17 Link Between Design, Operation,
23、and Enforcement 23 Planning for New HOV Lanes Prior to Full Utilization 24 Additional Planning Considerations 23 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 Planning for Priority Pricing and Incentive Programs on HOV Lanes 25 1.3.4 General Design and Cost Factors 28 1.3.5 Transit Planning for HOV Lane Facilities 29 1.3.6 Pot
24、ential Truck or Commercial Use of HOV Lanes . 30 1.3.7 Assessing the Potential Environmental Impacts of an HOV Lane 32 1.3.8 Planning for Converting a Freeway General-Purpose Lane to an HOV Lane 33 1.3.9 Planning for Converting an Arterial Street Lane to an HOV Lane . 34 1.3.1 O Planning Public Invo
25、lvement . 35 Planning for Implementation and Evaluation . 36 1.4.1 Developing an Implementation Plan for HOV Lane Facilities 36 1.4.2 Evaluation of HOV Lanes . 37 CHAPTER 2 OPERATING AND ENFORCING HOV FACILITIES ON FREEWAYS 39 2.1 Linking Design. Operations. and Enforcement 39 2.2 Operational Option
26、s for HOV Lanes on Freeways 40 Barrier-Separated. Two-way HOV Facilities 41 Barrier-Separated. Reversible HOV Facilities . 41 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 Concurrent Flow HOV Facilities . 43 HOV Facilities in Separate Rights-of-way . 41 ix 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.2.5 Contraflow HOV Facilities 43 2.
27、2.6 HOV Queue Bypass Lanes 45 Access Alternatives for HOV Lanes . 45 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 At-Grade Access . 45 Direct Access Ramps . 45 Freeway-to-Freeway Direct Connections 45 Vehicle-Eligibility and Vehicle-Occupancy Requirements . 47 2.4.1 Vehicle-Eligibility Requirements . 49 2.4.2 Vehicle-Occupanc
28、y Requirements . 49 Volume Operating Thresholds . 52 and Vehicle-Occupancy Requirements 52 and Vehicle-Occupancy Requirements 53 Hours of Operation 54 2.4.3 2.4.4 Guidelines for Developing Vehicle-Eligibility 2.4.5 Guidelines for Changing Vehicle-Eligibility 2.5.1 Factors Influencing HOV Lane Operat
29、ing Hours . 54 2.5.2 HOV Lane Operating Hour Scenarios . 54 Enforcing Freeway HOV Facilities . 58 2.6.1 Role of Enforcement Policies and Programs 58 2.6.2 Design of Enforcement Areas 59 2.6.3 Pricing on HOV Lanes 60 2.7.1 Objectives of Pricing 61 2.7.2 Design Treatments for Pricing . 61 2.7.3 Pricin
30、g Project Implementation Issues 66 Incident Management on HOV Lanes 66 General Enforcement Design Considerations 60 Supporting Facilities 67 2.10 Potential Truck Use of HOV Lanes 68 2.11 Potential for Converting HOV Lanes to Fixed Guideway Transit Facilities 70 CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF HOV FACILITIES ON
31、FREEWAYS . 71 3.1 Design Criteria . 72 3.1.1 Design Vehicle 72 3.1.2 Design Speeds 72 3.1.3 Horizontal Clearance 77 3.1.4 Vertical Clearance 77 3.1.5 Stopping Sight Distance . 77 3.1.6 Superelevation 77 3.1.7 Cross Slope . 77 3.1.8 Minimum Turning Radius 78 3.1.9 Vertical Curvature 79 3.1.10 Gradien
32、ts . 79 3.1.11 Drainage 79 HOV Facilities in Separate Rights-of-way 79 3.2.1 Cross Section 79 3.2 X 3.3 3.4 Barrier.Separated. Two-way HOV Facilities . 81 Barrier.Separated. Reversible HOV Facilities 83 3.4.1 Access Alternatives for Barrier-Separated HOV Lanes 85 3.4.2 Barrier-Separated HOV Lane Ope
33、ration and Enforcement 95 3.4.3 Signing and Pavement Markings for Barrier-Separated HOV Facilities . 99 Concurrent Flow HOV Facilities 99 3.5.1 Design Considerations for Freeway Concurrent Flow HOV Lanes . 99 3.5.2 Cross Section 99 3.5.3 Access Alternatives for Concurrent Flow HOV Lanes . 103 3.5.4
34、HOV Lanes . 105 3.5.5 Signing and Pavement Markings for Concurrent Flow HOV Lanes . 106 3.6 Contraflow HOV Lanes . 107 3.6.1 Design Considerations for Freeway Contraflow HOV Lanes 107 3.6.2 Safety Design Considerations 110 3.6.3 Access to Contraflow HOV Lanes 111 3.6.4 Enforcement Design Considerati
35、ons for Freeway Contraflow HOV Lanes . 111 3.6.5 Signing and Pavement Markings for Contraflow HOV Lanes . 111 3.7 HOV Queue Bypass Lanes . 112 3.7.1 Introduction 112 3.8 Online Transit Stations 120 3.8.1 Busway Online Stations . 121 3.8.2 3.8.3 Station Functions from Direct Access Ramp 126 3.9 Signi
36、ng and Pavement Markings for HOV Lanes 127 3.9.1 Sample Agency Developments with HOV Signing and Pavement Markings . 130 3.5 Enforcement Design Considerations for Freeway Concurrent Flow 3.7.2 Bypass Lanes 113 Freeway Online Stations 124 CHAPTER 4 OPERATING AND ENFORCING HOV FACILITlES ON ARTERIAL S
37、TREETS 131 4.1 Developing an Operation and Enforcement Plan for Arterial Street HOV Facilities . 131 4.1.1 Groups Involved in Developing an Operation and Enforcement Plan for Arterial Street HOV Facilities . 131 4.1.2 4.1.3 Elements of an Arterial Street HOV Operation and Enforcement Plan . 132 Over
38、view of Arterial Street Environments and HOV Operations 132 Arterial Street HOV Operational Alternatives 132 4.2 4.2.1 Busways or Bus Malls . 134 4.2.2 Median and Center Lane Facilities 134 4.2.3 Concurrent Flow Arterial HOV Lanes 135 4.2.4 Contraflow HOV Lanes . 137 4.2.5 Spot HOV Treatments 137 4.
39、3 Bus Stop Treatments 139 xi 4.4 Vehicle-Eligibility and Vehicle-Occupancy Requirements . 141 4.4.1 Vehicle-Eligibility Requirements . 141 4.4.2 Vehicle-Occupancy Requirements . 142 Volume Operating Thresholds . 142 and Vehicle-Occupancy Requirements 146 Hours of Operation 146 4.5.1 24-Hour Operatio
40、n . 146 4.5.2 Peak-Period-Only Operation 147 4.5.3 Peak-Hour-Only Operation 147 Role of Enforcement Policies and Programs 148 Elements of an HOV Enforcement Program . 148 Elements of an Incident Management Plan 150 with Incident Management 151 Ongoing Maintenance of Arterial Street HOV Facilities .
41、152 4.4.3 4.4.4 Guidelines for Developing and Changing Vehicle-Eligibility 4.5 4.6 Enforcement of Arterial HOV Facilities . 148 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.7 Incident Management 149 4.7.1 4.7.2 Use of Arterial Street HOV Facilities to Assist 4.8 4.9 Intersection Control, Driveway Access, and Curb-Use Consideratio
42、ns 152 4.9.1 Intersection Control and Turning Movements 152 4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4 Pedestrian Considerations 154 On-Street Parking and Delivery Vehicles 153 Driveway and Land-Use Access 153 4.9.5 Bicycle Considerations . 154 CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF HOV FACILITIES ON ARTERIAL STREETS 155 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 D
43、esign Process for Arterial Street HOV Facilities . 156 5.1.1 Groups Involved in Designing Arterial Street HOV Facilities . 156 5.1.2 Overview of Arterial Street Environment and HOV Facility Design Considerations 156 Arterial Street HOV Lane Design Guidelines 156 5.2.1 Vehicle Design Criteria 156 5.2
44、.2 Busways or Bus Malls . 157 5.2.3 Median and Center Bus-Only and HOV Lanes 159 5.2.4 Concurrent Flow Arterial HOV Lanes 164 5.2.5 Contraflow HOV Lanes . 169 Bus Stop Treatments 173 5.3.1 Bus Stop Design Treatments 173 Priority Traffic-Control Measures . 177 5.4.1 Exemption from Tuni Restrictions 1
45、77 5.4.2 Signal Priority Treatments . 177 Bicycle and Pedestrian Considerations 181 5.5.1 Bicycle Considerations . 181 5.5.2 Pedestrian Considerations 181 5.6 Additional Design Considerations . 182 Safety Design Considerations 182 Enforcement Design Considerations 182 Other Unique Design Issues 182
46、Signing and Pavement Markings for Arterial HOV Lanes 182 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.7 REFERENCES 185 GLOSSARY . 189 ABBREVIATIONS 197 xiii List of Figures Figure 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2- 1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 3- 1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3 -6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-1 1 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 Title General
47、 Steps in Planning HOV Lanes 4 Location and Duration of Congestion During the Peak Period . 12 Interrelationship of HOV Lane Considerations 24 Example Lifespan of HOV Lanes . 26 Reversible HOV Lane in Houston, Texas . 46 Buffer-Separated, Concurrent Flow Access in Southern California 47 Nonseparated
48、 Concurrent Flow Access in Northern California . 48 At-Grade Access to Single-Lane, Reversible HOV Facility in Houston, Texas . 48 Tolled HOV Reversible Lanes with Barrier Separation on 1-15, San Diego 62 Concurrent Lanes Separated by Pylons on State Route 91 in Orange County, California 63 ETC Gant
49、ry for State Route 91, Orange County, California . 64 Dynamic Signing, 1-15, San Diego . 65 Westpark Park-and-Ride Lot along US 59 (Southwest Freeway) in Houston, Texas 68 Example Cross-Slope Alternatives for Median Retrofit Projects . 78 Drop Ramp to Southwest Freeway (US 59) Single-Lane, Barrier-Separated, Richardson Transit Center near US 75 in Dallas, Texas . 69 Examples of Cross Section for Busway or HOV Lane in Separate Right-of-way 80 Examples of Cross Sections for Barrier-Separated, Two-way HOV Lane Facilities 82 Examples of Cross Sections fo
