1、 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ISBN: 978-1-56051-592-0 Pub Code: LRFDUS-7 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Wash
2、ington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official
3、s.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iii EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 20132014 Voting Members Officers: President: Mike Hancock, Kentucky* Vice President: John Cox, Wyoming Secretary-Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, Utah Regional Representatives: REGION I: Chris Clement, New Hampshi
4、re, One-Year Term Shailen Bhatt, Delaware, Two-Year Term REGION II: Sheri LeBas, Louisiana, One-Year Term John Schorer, Tennessee, Two-Year Term REGION III: Paul Trombino, Iowa, One-Year Term Ann Schneider, Illinois, Two-Year Term REGION IV: John Halikowski, Arizona, One-Year Term Malcom Dougherty,
5、California, Two-Year Term Nonvoting Members Immediate Past President: Michael P. Lewis, Rhode Island AASHTO Executive Director: Bud Wright, Washington, DC *Elected at the 2013 Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights
6、 reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iv HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES, 2013 GREGG FREDRICK, Chair BRUCE V. JOHNSON, Vice Chair M. MYINT LWIN, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary RAJ AILANEY, Federal Highway Administration, Assistant Secretary GRETA SMITH, AA
7、SHTO Liaison ALABAMA, John F. “Buddy” Black, Eric J. Christie, William “Tim” Colquett ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, Jean A. Nehme ARKANSAS, Carl Fuselier CALIFORNIA, Barton J. Newton, Susan Hida, Michael Keever COLORADO, Mark A. Leonard, Michael G. Salamon CONNECTICUT, Timothy D. Fields DELAWARE
8、, Barry A. Benton, Jason Hastings, Douglass Robb DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Ronaldo T. “Nick” Nicholson, L. Donald Cooney, Konjit “Connie” Eskender FLORIDA, Sam Fallaha, Dennis Golabek, Jeff Pouliotte GEORGIA, Paul V. Liles, Jr. HAWAII, Paul T. Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, D. Carl Puzey, Tim
9、Armbrecht INDIANA, Anne M. Rearick IOWA, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Loren R. Risch, James J. Brennan KENTUCKY, Mark Hite, Marvin Wolfe LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Arthur DAndrea, Paul Fossier MAINE, David B. Sherlock, Jeffrey S. Folsom, Wayne Frankhauser MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Jeffrey L. Robert
10、MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow, Shoukry Elnahal, Walter P. Heller MICHIGAN, David Juntunen, Matthew Chynoweth MINNESOTA, Nancy Daubenberger, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI, Nick J. Altobelli, Justin Walker MISSOURI, Dennis Heckman, Scott B. Stotlemeyer MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes NEBRASKA, Mark J. Trayno
11、wicz, Mark Ahlman, Fouad Jaber NEVADA, Mark P. Elicegui, Todd Stefonowicz NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark W. Richardson, David L. Scott NEW JERSEY, Eli “Dave” Lambert III NEW MEXICO, Raymond M. Trujillo, Jeff C. Vigil NEW YORK, Richard Marchione, Wahid Albert NORTH CAROLINA, Greg R. Perfetti NORTH DAKOTA, Terre
12、nce R. Udland OHIO, Timothy J. Keller, Jawdat Siddiqi OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, Walter Peters, John A. Schmiedel OREGON, Bruce V. Johnson, Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANIA, Thomas P. Macioce, Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, (Vacant) RHODE ISLAND, David Fish SOUTH CAROLINA, Barry W. Bowers, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAK
13、OTA, Kevin Goeden TENNESSEE, Wayne J. Seger, Henry Pate TEXAS, Gregg A. Freeby, Keith L. Ramsey U.S. DOT, M. Myint Lwin, Raj Ailaney UTAH, Carmen Swanwick, Joshua Sletten VERMONT, Wayne B. Symonds VIRGINIA, Kendal “Ken” Walus, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Julius F. J. Volgyi, Jr. WASHINGTON, Jugesh Kapur,
14、 Tony M. Allen, Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRGINIA, Gregory Bailey WISCONSIN, Scot Becker, Beth A. Cannestra, William C. Dreher WYOMING, Keith R. Fulton, Paul G. Cortez, Michael E. Menghini GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT, Kary H. Witt MDTA, Dan Williams N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Ri
15、chard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William J. Moreau PENN. TURNPIKE COMMISSION, James L. Stump U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Phillip W. Sauser, Christopher H. Westbrook U.S. COAST GUARD, Kamal Elnahal U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE, Tom Gillens ALBERT
16、A, Lloyd Atkin KOREA, Eui-Joon Lee, Sang-Soon Lee NEWFOUNDLAND, Peter Lest ONTARIO, Bala Tharmabala SASKATCHEWAN, Howard Yea TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD, Waseem Dekelbab 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation o
17、f applicable law.v FOREWORD The first broadly recognized national standard for the design and construction of bridges in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), the predecessor to AASHTO. With the advent of the automobile and the establ
18、ishment of highway departments in all of the American states dating back to just before the turn of the century, the design, construction, and maintenance of most U.S. bridges was the responsibility of these departments and, more specifically, the chief bridge engineer within each department. It was
19、 natural, therefore, that these engineers, acting collectively as the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, would become the author and guardian of this first bridge standard. This first publication was entitled Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental Structures.
20、It quickly became the de facto national standard and, as such, was adopted and used by not only the state highway departments but also other bridge-owning authorities and agencies in the United States and abroad. Rather early on, the last three words of the original title were dropped and it has bee
21、n reissued in consecutive editions at approximately four-year intervals ever since as Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, with the final 17th edition appearing in 2002. The body of knowledge related to the design of highway bridges has grown enormously since 1931 and continues to do so. The
22、ory and practice have evolved greatly, reflecting advances through research in understanding the properties of materials, in improved materials, in more rational and accurate analysis of structural behavior, in the advent of computers and rapidly advancing computer technology, in the study of extern
23、al events representing particular hazards to bridges such as seismic events and stream scour, and in many other areas. The pace of advances in these areas has, if anything, stepped up in recent years. To accommodate this growth in bridge engineering knowledge, the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structu
24、res has been granted authority under AASHTOs governing documents to approve and issue Bridge Interims each year, not only with respect to the Standard Specifications but also to incrementally modify and enhance the twenty-odd additional documents on bridges and structures engineering that are under
25、its guidance and sponsorship. In 1986, the Subcommittee submitted a request to the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research to undertake an assessment of U.S. bridge design specifications, to review foreign design specifications and codes, to consider design philosophies alternative to those underlying
26、 the Standard Specifications, and to render recommendations based on these investigations. This work was accomplished under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), an applied research program directed by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research and administered on behalf of AASHT
27、O by the Transportation Research Board (TRB). The work was completed in 1987, and, as might be expected with a standard incrementally adjusted over the years, the Standard Specifications were judged to include discernible gaps, inconsistencies, and even some conflicts. Beyond this, the specification
28、 did not reflect or incorporate the most recently developing design philosophy, load-and-resistance factor design (LRFD), a philosophy which has been gaining ground in other areas of structural engineering and in other parts of the world such as Canada and Europe. From its inception until the early
29、1970s, the sole design philosophy embedded within the Standard Specifications was one known as working stress design (WSD). WSD establishes allowable stresses as a fraction or percentage of a given materials load-carrying capacity, and requires that calculated design stresses not exceed those allowa
30、ble stresses. Beginning in the early 1970s, WSD began to be adjusted to reflect the variable predictability of certain load types, such as vehicular loads and wind forces, through adjusting design factors, a design philosophy referred to as load factor design (LFD). Both WSD and LFD are reflected in
31、 the current edition of the Standard Specifications. A further philosophical extension results from considering the variability in the properties of structural elements, in similar fashion to load variabilities. While considered to a limited extent in LFD, the design philosophy of load-and-resistanc
32、e factor design (LRFD) takes variability in the behavior of structural elements into account in an explicit manner. LRFD relies on extensive use of statistical methods, but sets forth the results in a manner readily usable by bridge designers and analysts. With the advent of these specifications, br
33、idge engineers had a choice of two standards to guide their designs, the long-standing AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, and the alternative, newly adopted AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and its companions, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications and AASHTO LRFD M
34、ovable Highway Bridge Design Specifications. Subsequently, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the states have established a goal that LRFD standards be incorporated in all new bridge designs after 2007. Interim Specifications are usually published in the middle of the calendar year, and a
35、 revised edition of this book is generally published every four years. The Interim Specifications have the same status as AASHTO standards, but are tentative revisions approved by at least two-thirds of the Subcommittee. These revisions are voted on by the AASHTO member departments prior to the publ
36、ication of each new edition of this book and, if approved by at least two-thirds of the 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vi members, they are included in the new edition as standards of th
37、e Association. AASHTO members are the 50 State Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each member has one vote. The U.S. Department of Transportation is a nonvoting member. Annual Interim Specifications are generally used by the states after their adoption
38、by the Subcommittee. Orders for these annual Interim Specifications may be placed by visiting our web site, bookstore.transportation.org; calling the AASHTO Publication Sales Office toll free (within the U.S. and Canada), 1-800-231-3475; or mailing to P.O. Box 933538, Atlanta, GA 31193-3538. A free
39、copy of the current publication catalog can be downloaded from our website or requested from the Publications Sales Office. Attention is also directed to the following publications prepared and published by the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures: AASHTO Guide for Commonly Recognized (CoRe) Struc
40、tural Elements. 1998. AASHTO Guide Manual for Bridge Element Inspection. 2011. AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges with Design Examples for I-Girder and Box-Girder Bridges. 2003. Archived. AASHTO Guide SpecificationsThermal Effects in Concrete Bridge Supe
41、rstructures. 1989. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications. 2010. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specifications for GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks and Traffic Railings. 2009. AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications. 2007. Bridge Data Exchange (BDX) Technical Data Guid
42、e. 1995. Archived. Bridge Security Guidelines, 2011. Bridge Welding Code: AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5:2010, an American National Standard. 2010. Construction Handbook for Bridge Temporary Works. 1995. Guide Design Specifications for Bridge Temporary Works. 1995. Guide for Painting Steel Structures. 1997.
43、Archived. Guide Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) of Highway Bridges. 2003. Archived but download available. Guide Specifications and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges. 2009. Guide Specifications for Alternate Load Factor Design Proc
44、edures for Steel Beam Bridges Using Braced Compact Sections. 1991. Archived. Guide Specifications for Aluminum Highway Bridges. 1991. Archived. Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings. 1989. Archived. Guide Specifications for Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges. 1999. Guide Specif
45、ications for Fatigue Evaluation of Existing Steel Bridges. 1990. Archived but download available. Guide Specifications for Highway Bridge Fabrication with HPS 70W (HPS 485W) Steel. 2003. Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design. 2010. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Tr
46、ansportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vii Guide Specifications for Strength Design of Truss Bridges (Load Factor Design). 1986. Archived but download available. Guide Specifications for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steel and Concrete Bridges. 198
47、9. Archived but download available. Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barriers. 1989. Archived but download available. Guide Specifications for the Design of Stress-Laminated Wood Decks. 1991. Archived but download available. Guidelines for Bridge Management Systems. 1993. Archived
48、 but download available. LRFD Guide Specifications for Design of Pedestrian Bridges. 2009. The Manual for Bridge Evaluation. 2011. Movable Bridge Inspection, Evaluation, and Maintenance Manual. 1998. Standard Specifications for Movable Highway Bridges. 1988. Archived but download available. Standard
49、 Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals. 2009. Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road TunnelsCivil Elements. 2010. Additional bridges and structures publications prepared and published by other AASHTO committees and task forces are as follows: AASHTO Maintenance Manual: The Maintenance and Management of Roadways and Bridges. 2007. Guide Specifications for Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Decks. 1994. Archived but download av
