1、Standard Specification for Geotextile Specification for Highway Applications AASHTO Designation: M 288-15 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4e M 288-1 AASHTO Standard Specification for Geotextile Spec
2、ification for Highway Applications AASHTO Designation: M 288-15 1. SCOPE 1.1. This is a materials specification covering geotextile fabrics for use in subsurface drainage, separation, stabilization, erosion control, temporary silt fence, and paving fabrics. This is a material purchasing specificatio
3、n and design review of use is recommended. 1.2. This specification sets forth a set of physical, mechanical, and endurance properties that must be met or exceeded by the geotextile being manufactured. 1.3. In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents a manufacturin
4、g quality control (MQC) document. However, its general use is essentially as a recommended design document. 1.4. This specification is intended to assure both good quality and performance of geotextiles used as listed in Section 1.1, but is possibly not adequate for the complete specification in a s
5、pecific situation. Additional tests, or more restrictive values for the tests indicated, may be necessary under conditions of a particular application. 1.5. This specification is based on geotextile survivability from installation stresses. Designers should be aware that the classes in this specific
6、ation reflect this basic premise. Refer to Appendix X1 of this specification for geotextile construction guidelines. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: T 88, Particle Size Analysis of Soils T 90, Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils T 99, Moisture-Density Relations
7、 of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop 2.2. ASTM Standards:1 D123, Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles D276, Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles D4354, Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (R
8、ECPs) for Testing D4355/D4355M, Standard Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon Arc Type Apparatus D4439, Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics D4491, Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity D4533/D4533M, S
9、tandard Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of Geotextiles 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e M 288-2 AASHTO D4632/D4632M, Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elonga
10、tion of Geotextiles D4751, Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile D4759, Standard Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of Geosynthetics D4873, Standard Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples D5035, Stand
11、ard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method) D5141, Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device D5261, Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles D6
12、140, Standard Test Method to Determine Asphalt Retention of Paving Fabrics Used in Asphalt Paving for Full-Width Applications D6241, Standard Test Method for Static Puncture Strength of Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products Using a 50-mm Probe 2.3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: EPA/600
13、/R-93/182, Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Waste Containment Facilities 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. formulationThe mixture of a unique combination of ingredients identified by type, properties, and quantity. For nonwoven geotextiles, a formulation is defined as the exact percentages and types of r
14、esin(s), additives, and/or carbon black. 3.2. Manufacturing Quality Control (MQC)A planned system of inspections that is used to directly monitor and control the manufacture of a material that is factory originated. MQC is normally performed by the manufacturer of geosynthetic materials and is neces
15、sary to ensure minimum (or maximum) specified values in the manufactured product. MQC refers to measures taken by the manufacturer to determine compliance with the requirements for materials and workmanship as stated in certification documents and contract specifications ref. EPA/600/R-93/182. 3.3.
16、Minimum Average Roll Value (MARV)For geosynthetics, a MQC tool used to allow manufacturers to establish published values such that the user/purchaser will have a 97.7 percent confidence that the property in question will meet published values. For normally distributed data, MARV is calculated as the
17、 typical value minus two standard deviations from documented quality control test results for a defined population from one specific test method associated with one specific property. 3.4. minimum valueThe lowest sample value from documented MQC test results for a defined population from one test me
18、thod associated with one specific property. 3.5. maximum valueThe highest sample value from documented MQC test results for a defined population from one test method associated with one specific property. Note 1Other terminology related to textiles (e.g., nonwoven) and geosynthetics (e.g., apparent
19、opening size) may be used in this specification. Definitions for this terminology may be found in ASTM D123 or D4439. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e M 288-3 AASHTO 4. PHYSICAL REQU
20、IREMENTS 4.1. Fibers used in the manufacture of geotextiles, and the threads used in joining geotextiles by sewing, shall consist of long-chain synthetic polymers, composed of at least 95 percent, by weight, polyolefins or polyesters. They shall be formed into a stable network such that the filament
21、s or yarns retain their dimensional stability relative to each other, including selvages. Fibers used in the manufacture of geotextiles for paving fabrics requiring low ultimate elongation, and the threads used in joining these geotextiles by sewing, shall consist of combinations of glass fibers or
22、fiberglass and long-chain synthetic polymers, with the combination composed of at least 95 percent, by weight, of fiberglass, polyesters, or polyolefins. 4.2. Geotextiles used for subsurface drainage, separation, stabilization, and permanent erosion control applications shall conform to the physical
23、 requirements of Section 8. Geotextiles used for a temporary silt fence shall conform to the physical requirements of Section 9 and geotextiles used as paving fabrics shall conform to the physical requirements of Section 10. 4.3. All property values, with the exception of apparent opening size (AOS)
24、, in these specifications represent MARV in the weakest principal direction (i.e., average test results of any roll in a lot sampled for conformance or quality assurance testing shall meet or exceed the minimum values provided herein). Values for AOS represent MARV. 5. CERTIFICATION 5.1. The contrac
25、tor shall provide to the engineer a certificate stating the name of the manufacturer, product name, style number, chemical composition of the filaments or yarns, and other pertinent information to fully describe the geotextile. 5.2. The manufacturer is responsible for establishing and maintaining a
26、quality control program to assure compliance with the requirements of the specification. Documentation describing the quality control program shall be made available upon request. 5.3. The manufacturers certificate shall state that the furnished geotextile meets MARV requirements of the specificatio
27、n as evaluated under the manufacturers quality control program. A person having legal authority to bind the manufacturer shall attest to the certificate. 5.4. Either mislabeling or misrepresentation of materials shall be reason to reject those geotextile products. 6. SAMPLING, TESTING, AND ACCEPTANC
28、E 6.1. Geotextiles shall be subject to sampling and testing to verify conformance with this specification. Sampling shall be in accordance with the most current ASTM D4354, using the section titled “Procedure for Sampling for Purchasers Specification Conformance Testing.” In the absence of purchaser
29、s testing, verification may be based on manufacturers certifications as a result of testing by the manufacturer of quality assurance samples obtained using the procedure for sampling for manufacturers quality assurance (MQA) testing. A lot size shall be considered to be the shipment quantity of the
30、given product or a truckload of the given product, whichever is smaller. 6.2. Testing shall be performed in accordance with the methods referenced in this specification for the indicated application. The number of specimens to test per sample is specified by each test method. Geotextile product acce
31、ptance shall be based on ASTM D4759. Product acceptance is determined by comparing the average test results of all specimens within a given sample to 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e
32、 M 288-4 AASHTO the specification MARV. Refer to ASTM D4759 for more details regarding geotextile acceptance procedures. 7. SHIPMENT AND STORAGE 7.1. The labeling, shipment, and storage of geotextiles shall follow ASTM D4873. Product labels shall clearly show the manufacturer or supplier name, style
33、 name, and roll number. Each shipping document shall include a notation certifying that the material is in accordance with the manufacturers certificate. 7.2. Each geotextile roll shall be wrapped with a material that will protect the geotextile, including the ends of the roll, from damage due to sh
34、ipment, water, sunlight, and contaminants. The protective wrapping shall be maintained during periods of shipment and storage. 7.3. During storage, geotextile rolls shall be elevated off the ground and adequately covered to protect them from the following: site construction damage; precipitation; ex
35、tended ultraviolet radiation, including sunlight; chemicals that are strong acids or strong bases; flames, including welding sparks; temperatures in excess of 71C (160F); and any other environmental condition that may damage the physical property values of the geotextile. 8. GEOTEXTILE PROPERTY REQU
36、IREMENTS FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE, SEPARATION, STABILIZATION, AND PERMANENT EROSION CONTROL 8.1. General Requirements: 8.1.1. Table 1 provides strength properties for three geotextile classes. The geotextile shall conform to the properties of Table 1 based on the geotextile class required in Table 2,
37、 3, 4, 5, or 6 for the indicated application. 8.1.2. All numeric values in Table 1 represent MARV in the weaker principal direction. The geotextile properties required for each class are dependent upon geotextile elongation. When sewn seams are required, the seam strength, as measured in accordance
38、with ASTM D4632/D4632M, shall be equal to or greater than 90 percent of the specified grab strength. 8.2. Subsurface Drainage Requirements: 8.2.1. DescriptionThis specification is applicable to placing a geotextile against a soil to allow for long-term passage of water into a subsurface drain system
39、 retaining the in situ soil. The primary function of the geotextile in subsurface drainage applications is filtration. Geotextile filtration properties are a function of the in situ soil gradation, plasticity, and hydraulic conditions. 8.2.2. Geotextile RequirementsThe geotextile shall meet the requ
40、irements of Table 2. Woven slit film geotextiles (i.e., geotextiles made from yarns of a flat, tape-like character) will not be allowed. All numeric values in Table 2, except AOS, represent MARV in the weaker principal direction. Values of AOS represent maximum average roll values. 2015 by the Ameri
41、can Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e M 288-5 AASHTO Table 1Geotextile Strength Property Requirements Geotextile Classa,bClass 1 Class 2 Class 3 Test Methods Units Elongation 50 Geotextile class Class 2 f
42、rom Table 1bPermittivityc,dASTM D4491 sec10.5 0.2 0.1 Apparent opening sizec,dASTM D4751 mm 0.43 max avg roll value 0.25 max avg roll value 0.22emax avg roll value Ultraviolet stability (retained strength) ASTM D4355/D4355M % 50% after 500 h of exposure aBased on grain size analysis of in situ soil
43、in accordance with T 88. bDefault geotextile selection. The engineer may specify a Class 3 geotextile from Table 1 for trench drain applications based on one or more of the following: 1. The engineer has found Class 3 geotextiles to have sufficient survivability based on field experience. 2. The eng
44、ineer has found Class 3 geotextiles to have sufficient survivability based on laboratory testing and visual inspection of a geotextile sample removed from a field test section constructed under anticipated field conditions. 3. Subsurface drain depth is less than 2 m; drain aggregate diameter is less
45、 than 30 mm; and compaction requirement is less than 95 percent of T 99. cThese default filtration property values are based on the predominant particle sizes of in situ soil. In addition to the default permittivity value, the engineer may require geotextile permeability and/or performance testing b
46、ased on engineering design for drainage systems in problematic soil environments. dSite-specific geotextile design should be performed especially if one or more of the following problematic soil environments are encountered: unstable or highly erodible soils such as noncohesive silts; gap-graded soi
47、ls; alternating sand/silt laminated soils; dispersive clays; and/or rock flour. eFor cohesive soils with a plasticity index in accordance with T 90 greater than seven, geotextile maximum average roll value for apparent opening size is 0.30 mm. 8.2.3. The property values in Table 2 represent default
48、values that provide sufficient geotextile survivability under most construction conditions. Note b of Table 2 provides for a reduction in the minimum property requirements when sufficient survivability information is available. The engineer may also specify properties different from those listed in
49、Table 2 based on engineering design experience. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4e M 288-6 AASHTO 8.3. Separation Requirements: 8.3.1. DescriptionThis specification is applicable to the use of a geotextile to prevent mixing of a subgrade soil and an aggregate cover material (subbase, base, select embankment, etc.). This specification may also apply to situations other than beneath pavements where separation o
