1、AASHTO Maintenance Manual for Roadways and Bridges2007American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsMaintenance Manual for Roadways and Bridges2007American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsAASHTO Copyright 2007, by the American Association of State Highway
2、 and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. ISBN: 978-1-56051-376-6Published by theAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials4
3、44 North Capitol Street, N.W.Suite 249Washington, DC 20001(202) 624-5800www.transportation.org 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.American Association Of State Highway and Transportation Off
4、icialsExecutive Committee 20072008President: Pete Rahn, MissouriVice President: Allen D. Biehler, P.E., PennsylvaniaSecretary/Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, UtahRegional RepresentativesRegion I David Cole, Maine, One-Year Term Kris Kolluri, New Jersey, Two-Year TermRegion II Stephanie C. Kopelousos, Fl
5、orida, One-Year TermButch Brown, Mississippi, Two-Year TermRegion III Debra Miller, Kansas, One-Year TermKirk Steudle, Michigan, Two-Year TermRegion IV Gary Ridley, Oklahoma, One-Year TermRhonda Faught, New Mexico, Two-Year TermImmediate Past President: Victor Mendez, ArizonaExecutive Director: John
6、 C. Horsley, Washington, DC 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.State MembersAlabamaG. Mike HarperJohn E. Lorentson, P.E. AlaskaFrank T. Richards, P.E.ArizonaLonnie D. HendrixArkansasRalph J.
7、 HallDavid LambertCaliforniaRandell H. IwasakiSteve TakigawaColoradoPamela HuttonWayne LuptonConnecticut Charles A. DrdaMichael W. LonerganDelawareMaria FantiniDistrict of Columbia Aaron HortonMesfin LakewFloridaTim LattnerGeorgiaDavid CrimStephen T. HenryHawaiiKelly Lee SatoIdaho Brent Jennings, P.
8、E.Illinois Eric E. HarmJoseph S. HillIndianaMike BowmanIowaLee A. WilkinsonKansasRoy D. Rissky, P.E.Jaci S. Vogel, P.E.American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsHighway Subcommittee on Maintenance2007Chair: Carlos Braceras, P.E., UtahVice Chair: Russell A. Yurek, Maryland Sec
9、retary: James B. Sorenson, Federal Highway AdministrationLiaison: Ken Kobetsky, P.E., AASHTO 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.KentuckyNancy B. AlbrightTom SchomakerLouisianaGill M. Gautrea
10、uWilliam H. Temple, P.E. MaineBrian T. BurneMichael E. BurnsMarc H. GuimontMassachusettsVacantMichiganVacantMinnesota Curtis GobeliSteven M. LundMississippi Mark C. McConnellJohn D. VanceMissouriJames CarneyDon Hillis, P.E.MontanaJohn BlackerNebraskaCraig LindMichael Mattison, P.E.NevadaRichard J. N
11、elson, P.E.James R. Souba, P.E.New HampshireCaleb B. Dobbins, P.E.Edward S. WelchNew JerseyJeffrey C. CallahanNew MexicoDennis OrtizTom RaughtNew YorkGary R. McVoy, Ph.D.Peter WeykampNorth CarolinaJennifer P. Brandenburg, P.E.Lacy D. Love, P.E.North Dakota VacantOhioMichael A. McColemanKeith C. Swea
12、ringenTony VogelOklahomaKevin S. BlossTom WadleyOregon Doug TindallPennsylvaniaDaniel R. Smyser, P.E.Puerto Rico Jorge A. Vega-BarriosRhode IslandNamvar MoghadamSouth CarolinaJames J. Feda, P.E.Huley G. ShumpertSouth DakotaGreg FullerEd RodgersTennesseeGreg DuncanJoe HoltTexas Zane L. WebbUtahRichar
13、d L. Clarke, P.E. Steve McCarthy 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viVermontPaul E. CortiSamuel B. LewisVirginiaQuintin D. ElliottErle W. Potter, P.E. WashingtonRobert “Chris” Christopher,
14、P.E. West Virginia John WalkerWisconsinJohn KinarAlison LebwohlThomas R. Lorfeld, P.E.David I. ViethWyomingKen L. Shultz, P.E.U.S. DOT MembersFHWARoemer AlfelorWade CaseyJoyce A. CurtisWilliam R. DooleyCelso GatchalianEugene HoelkerDavid LawAssociate MemberFederalUSDA Forest ServiceJohn W. Bell, P.E
15、. Associate MembersInternationalAlbertaNick BucykBritish ColumbiaRodney ChapmanNew BrunswickHenry PalmerNova Scotia Martin J. DelaneyOntarioShael E. Gwartz, P.E. SaskatchewanJosh SafronetzOthersTRBAmir N. HannaFrank Lisle 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
16、.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viiPrefaceThis 2007 revision of the AASHTO Maintenance Manual is based on information gleaned from recent highway transportation literature on maintenance, and field visits and interviews conducted by Kenneth A. Brewer as the princip
17、al author under National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project SP20-07, Task 170. This document was prepared under the guidance of the NCHRP SP20-07, Task 170.Intended for persons early in their career in roadway and bridge maintenance, the Maintenance Manual for Roadways and Bridges
18、will assist them in understanding the various processes, methods, and materials that are applied to maintain the bridge and highway system effectively. Also intended to be a dynamic document, the manual will need to be updated as research and applications change the relevant content sections. Histor
19、ically, highway maintenance has encompassed personnel man-agement, materials selection, equipment use, and application of methods to react to problems in bridges and roadways, budgeting, and planning. The field is now evolving into a new engineering science of its own, resulting from a synergistic c
20、ombination of traditional civil engineering, industrial engineering, business management, materials science, industrial psychology, and environmental sci-ence. This manual is envisioned as the first step in documenting that transition; this first-generation text will lead and guide the professional
21、development of the engineering managers of roadway and bridge maintenance in the beginning of the 21st century.This manual, however, will need to be used in conjunction with your own agencys maintenance operation policy manual, maintenance standards publication, and organizational operation guides.
22、The effective engineering manager of maintenance in the 21st century will have to supplement the education and experience brought to the maintenance position with self-study, continuing profes-sional education, and on-the-job training in management principles and concepts.Some illustrations and exam
23、ples in this manual show a particular product, brand, trademark, agency, or company. AASHTO does not endorse any manufactured product, licensed process, or other proprietary item shown in this manual. All such illustrations are provided to make the accompanying text more understandable, and no refer
24、ence to such items in this manual should be construed as an endorsement. 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.Al
25、l rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Table of ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii1.0 Maintenance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.1 Evolution of Maintenance Management Concepts and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.
27、1.2 Development of Integrated Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.1.3 Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41.1.4 Roadway Management . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71.1.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.1.4.2 Contract Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.1.4.3 Maintenance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.4.4 Workforce Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.4.5 Customer Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.4.6 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.4.7 Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.1.4.8 Roadside and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.1.4.9 Snow and Ice Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2 Management and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2.1 Functional Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91.2.1.1 Organization for Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.2.1.2 Planning and Budgeting for Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.2.1.3 Highway Construction Definitions (Adopted June 30, 1986) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.2.1.4 Scheduling Maintenance .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.2.1.5 Data Systems to Support Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.2.1.6 Incident Management and Emergency Response in Maintenan
36、ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.2.1.7 Work Zone Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.2.2 Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . .221.2.2.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.2.2.2 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.2.2.3 Personnel Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.2.2.4 Recruitment and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.2.3 Technical Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251.2.3.1 Equipment for Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . 251.2.3.2 Materials for Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.2.3.3 Models Available for Management of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.3 Issues of Continuing C
41、oncern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.3.1 Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261.3.2 Designing for Maintainability . . . . . . .
42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261.3.3 Environmental Sensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Off
43、icials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.AASHTO Maintenance Manual for Roadways and Bridgesx1.3.4 Application of TQM Principles and Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271.3.5 Litigation Involving Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271.3.6 Rational and Probabilistic Models to Predict Maintenance Needs and Effects . . . .271.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、. . . . . . . 272.0 Roadway Maintenance and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.1 Roadway Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
46、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312.1.1.1 Preventive Roadway Maintenance Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.1.1.2 Interaction with Bridge Maintenance and the Management of Oth
47、er Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.1.1.3 Interaction with the Design of Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.1.1.4 Role of Roadway Maintenan
48、ce in the Safe, Efficient Operation of Facilities . . . . . . . 322.1.1.5 Value of Roadway Maintenance to Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.1.1.6 Value of Roadway Maintenance to the User Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.
49、1.1.7 Pavement Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.1.2 Maintenance of Roadway Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352.1.2.1 Planning and Budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.1.2.2 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.1.2.3 Maintenance Nee
