1、Standard Method of Test for Freezing-and-Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures AASHTO Designation: T 136-13 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-1b T 136-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Fr
2、eezing-and-Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures AASHTO Designation: T 136-13 1. SCOPE 1.1. These methods cover procedures for determining the soil-cement losses, moisture changes, and volume changes (swell and shrinkage) produced by the repeated freezing and thawing of hardened soil-cemen
3、t specimens. The specimens are compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, to maximum density at optimum moisture content using the compaction procedure described in T 134. 1.2. Two methods depending on soil gradation are covered for preparation of material for molding specimens and molding specim
4、ens as follows: 1.2.1. Method AUsing soil material passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. This method shall be used when 100 percent of the soil sample passes the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. (See Sections 4 to 6.) 1.2.2. Method BUsing soil material passing the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve. This method shall be us
5、ed when part of the soil sample is retained on the 4.75-mm sieve. (See Sections 7 to 9.) 1.3. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 85, Portland Cement M 92, Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes M 145, Classification of S
6、oils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials M 240M/M 240, Blended Hydraulic Cement T 99, Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop T 134, Moisture-Density Relations of
7、Soil-Cement Mixtures T 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils 3. APPARATUS 3.1. Molds, 101.6 mm (4 in.); Rammer; Sample Extruder; and StraightedgeAs specified in T 99. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication
8、is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 136-2 AASHTO 3.2. Balances and ScalesA balance or scale having a capacity of at least 11.5 kg (25.4 lb) and conforming to the requirements of M 231 for a G 20 class scale, and a balance of at least 1-kg (2-lb) capacity and conforming to the requirements of M
9、231 for a G 2 class scale. 3.3. Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 5C (230 9F) for drying moisture samples. 3.4. Freezing CabinetA freezing cabinet capable of maintaining temperatures of 23C (10F) or lower. 3.5. Moist RoomA moist room or
10、suitable covered container capable of maintaining a temperature of 21.0 1.7C (70 3F) and a relative humidity of 100 percent for seven-day storage of compacted specimens and for thawing frozen specimens. 3.6. Wire Scratch BrushA wire scratch brush made of 50-by-1.6-mm (2-by-1/16-in.) flat No. 26 gaug
11、e wire bristles assembled in 50 groups of 10 bristles each and mounted to form five longitudinal rows and 10 transverse rows of bristles on a 190-by-65 mm (71/2-by-21/2-in.) hardwood block. 3.7. Sieves75-mm (3-in.), 19.0-mm (3/4-in.), 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieves conforming to the requirements of M 92. 3.
12、8. Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as a mixing pan, a trowel, or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the soil with cement and water. 3.9. Butcher KnifeA butcher knife approximately 254 mm (10 in.) in length for trimming the top of the specimens. 3.10. ScarifierA six-pronged ice p
13、ick or similar apparatus to remove the smooth compaction plane at the top of the first and second layers of the specimen. 3.11. ContainerA flat, round pan, for moisture absorption by soil-cement mixtures about 305 mm (12 in.) in diameter and 50 mm (2 in.) deep. 3.12. Measuring DeviceA measuring devi
14、ce suitable for accurately measuring the heights and diameters of test specimens to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). 3.13. Pans and CarriersSuitable pans for handling materials and carriers or trays for handling test specimens. 3.14. Absorptive Pads6.4-mm (1/4-in.) thick felt pads, blotters, or simil
15、ar absorptive material for placing between specimens and specimen carriers. 3.15. GraduateA graduated cylinder of 250-mL capacity for measuring water. 3.16. Moisture Content ContainersAs specified in T 265. METHOD AUSING SOIL MATERIAL PASSING A 4.75-MM (NO. 4) SIEVE 4. PREPARATION OF MATERIAL FOR MO
16、LDING SPECIMENS 4.1. Prepare the soil sample in accordance with Method A of T 134. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 136-3 AASHTO 4.2. Select a sufficient quantity of the soil prepa
17、red as described in T 134 to provide two compacted specimens and required moisture samples. (See Note 1.) Note 1Optional: Usually only one specimen (identified as No. 2) is required for routine testing. The other specimen (identified as No. 1) is made for research work and for testing unusual soils.
18、 4.3. Add to the soil the required amount of cement conforming to M 85 or M 240M/M 240. Mix the soil and cement thoroughly until the color of the mixture is uniform. 4.4. Add sufficient potable water to raise the soil-cement mixture to optimum moisture content at time of compaction and mix thoroughl
19、y. When the soil used is a heavy-textured, clayey material, compact the mixture of soil, cement, and water in a container to a depth of about 50 mm (2 in.) using the rammer described in T 99 or similar hand tamper; cover; and allow to stand for not less than 5 min but not more than 10 min to aid dis
20、persion of the moisture and to permit more complete absorption by the soil-cement. After the absorption period, thoroughly break up the mixture, without reducing the natural size of individual particles, until it will pass a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, as judged by eye, and then remix. 5. MOLDING SPECIME
21、NS 5.1. Form a specimen by immediately compacting the soil-cement mixture in the mold, with the collar attached, and later trimming the specimen in the same manner as directed in T 134, and in addition scarify the tops of the first and second layers to remove smooth compaction planes before placing
22、and compacting the succeeding layers. This scarification shall form grooves at right angles to each other, approximately 3 mm (1/8in.) in width and 3 mm (1/8in.) in depth and approximately 6 mm (1/4in.) apart. During compaction, take from the batch a representative sample of the soil-cement mixture,
23、 having a mass of not less than 100 g. Determine the mass immediately and dry in accordance with T 265. Calculate the percentage of moisture as directed in T 134 to check against design moisture content. 5.2. Determine the mass of the compacted specimen and mold, remove the specimen from the mold, a
24、nd calculate the oven-dry mass of each specimen in kilograms per cubic meter (lb/ft3) to check against design density. 5.3. Identify the specimen on a metal tag (or other suitable device) as No. 1, together with other needed identification marks, and use this specimen to obtain data on moisture and
25、volume changes during the test. 5.4. Form a second specimen as rapidly as possible and determine the percentage of moisture and oven-dry mass as described in Sections 5.1 and 5.2. Identify this specimen as No. 2, together with other needed identification marks, and use this specimen to obtain data o
26、n soil-cement losses during the test. 5.5. Determine the average diameter and height of the No. 1 specimen. Determine the average height by taking three height measurements along the side of the specimen (120 apart). Determine the average diameter by taking three diameter measurements at the quarter
27、 points of the end of the specimen. Calculate the volume of the No. 1 specimen using the average height and average diameter. 5.6. Place the specimens on suitable carriers in the moist room and protect them from free water for a period of seven days. Determine the mass and measure the No. 1 specimen
28、 at the end of the seven-day storage period to provide data for calculating its moisture content and volume. (See Note 2.) Note 2It is important that all height and diameter measurements be accurate to within 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) and be taken at the same points on the specimen at all times. 2015 by th
29、e American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 136-4 AASHTO Dimensional Equivalents mm in. mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 (0.125 0.025) 17.78 1.27 (0.700 0.050) 107.95 1.27 (4.250 0.050) 3.81 (0.150) 20.32 (0.80
30、0) 114.30 2.54 (4.500 0.100) 6.35 1.27 (0.250 0.050) 38.10 2.54 (1.500 0.100) 116.43 0.13 (4.584 0.005) 7.62 (0.300) 50.80 0.64 (2.000 0.025) 152.40 2.54 (6.000 0.100) 9.53 0.64 (0.375 0.025) 60.33 1.27 (2.375 0.050) 165.10 2.54 (6.500 0.100) 12.70 2.54 (0.500 0.100) 101.60 0.41 (4.000 0.016) 172.72
31、 2.54 (6.800 0.100) 0.002124 0.000021 m3(1/13.33 0.00075 ft3) Notes: 1. All dimensions are shown in millimeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the mid-height line. 3. Figure 1 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the publication of th
32、e 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 1Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (101.6-mm Mold) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 136-5 AASHTO 6. PROCEDURE 6.1. At the end of the s
33、torage in the moist room, place water-saturated felt pads about 6.4 mm (1/4in.) thick, blotters, or similar absorptive material between the specimens and the carriers, and place the assembly in a freezing cabinet having a constant temperature not warmer than 23C (10F) for 24 h and remove. Determine
34、the mass and measure the No. 1 specimen (volume and moisture change specimen). 6.2. Place the assembly in the moist room or suitable covered container having a temperature of 21.0 1.7C (70 3F) and a relative humidity of 100 percent for 23 h and remove. Free potable water shall be made available to t
35、he absorbent pads under the specimens to permit the specimens to absorb water by capillary action during the thawing period. Determine the mass and measure the No. 1 specimen. Give specimen No. 2 (soil-cement loss specimen) two firm strokes on all areas with the wire scratch brush. The brush shall b
36、e held with the long axis of the brush parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen or parallel to the ends as required to cover all areas of the specimen. Apply these strokes to the full height and width of the specimen with a firm stroke corresponding to approximately 13.3 N (3 lbf). (See Not
37、e 3.) Eighteen to 20 vertical brush strokes are required to cover the sides of the specimen twice and four strokes are required on each end. After being brushed, the specimens shall be turned over end for end before they are replaced on the water-saturated pads. Note 3This pressure is measured as fo
38、llows: clamp a specimen in a vertical position on the edge of a platform scale and zero the scale. Apply vertical brushing strokes to the specimen and note the force necessary to register approximately 13.3 N (3 lbf). 6.3. The procedures described in Sections 6.1 and 6.2 constitute one cycle (48 h)
39、of freezing and thawing. Again place the specimens in the freezing cabinet and continue the procedure for 12 cycles. (See Note 4.) The No. 1 specimen may be discontinued prior to 12 cycles should the measurements become inaccurate due to soil-cement loss of the specimen. (See Note 5.) Note 4Mass det
40、erminations of specimen No. 2 before and after brushing are usually made at the end of each cycle when conducting research and making special investigations. Some specimens made of silty and clayey soils tend to scale on sides and ends particularly after about the sixth cycle of test. This scale sha
41、ll be removed with a sharp-pointed instrument such as an ice pick, because the regular brushing may not be effective. Note 5If it is not possible to run the cycles continuously because of Sundays, holidays, or for any other reason, the specimens shall be held in the freezing cabinet during the layov
42、er period if possible. 6.4. After 12 cycles of test, dry the specimens in accordance with T 265, Section 5, and weigh to determine the oven-dry mass of the specimens. 6.5. The data collected will permit calculations of volume and moisture changes of specimen No. 1 and the soil-cement losses of speci
43、men No. 2 after the prescribed 12 cycles of test. METHOD BUSING MATERIAL PASSING A 19.0-MM (3/4-IN.) SIEVE 7. PREPARATION OF MATERIAL FOR MOLDING SPECIMENS 7.1. Prepare the soil sample in accordance with Method B of T 134. 7.2. Select and maintain separate representative samples of soil passing the
44、4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve and of saturated, surface-dry aggregate passing the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve and retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve so that the total sample will be enough to provide two (Note 1) compacted specimens and required moisture samples. The percentage, by oven-dry mass, of aggregat
45、e 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 136-6 AASHTO passing the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve and retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve shall be the same as the percentage passing the 75-mm
46、(3-in.) sieve and retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve in the original sample. 7.3. Add to the sample passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve the required amount of cement conforming to M 85 or M 240M/M 240. Mix the soil and cement thoroughly until the color of the mixture is uniform. 7.4. Add to the sam
47、ple passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve sufficient water to raise the total soil-cement mixture specified in Section 7.2 to optimum moisture content at time of compaction and facilitate moisture dispersion as described for Method A in Section 4.4. 7.5. After preparation of the mixture as described in
48、Sections 7.1 to 7.4, add the saturated, surface-dry aggregate to the mixture and mix thoroughly. 8. MOLDING SPECIMENS 8.1. Form a specimen by immediately compacting the soil-cement mixture in the mold (with the collar attached) and later trimming the specimen in accordance with T 134. In addition, a
49、s the mixture for each layer is placed in the mold, spade along the inside of the mold with a butcher knife before compaction to obtain uniform distribution of the material retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve and scarify the tops of the first and second layers as described in Section 5.1 of this method. During compaction, take from the batch a representative sample of the soil-cement mixture having a mass of not less than 500 g, determine the mass im
