1、Standard Method of Test for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air Permeability Apparatus AASHTO Designation: T 153-13 ASTM Designation: C204-111American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-3a T 153-1 AASHTO Standa
2、rd Method of Test for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air Permeability Apparatus AASHTO Designation: T 153-13 ASTM Designation: C204-1111. SCOPE 1.1. This test method covers determination of the fineness of hydraulic cement, using the Blaine air permeability apparatus, in terms of the specific surfa
3、ce expressed as total surface area in square centimeters per gram or square meters per kilogram of cement. Two test methods are given: Test Method A is the Reference Test Method using the manually operated standard Blaine apparatus, and Test Method B permits the use of an automated apparatus that is
4、 in accordance with the qualification requirements of this test methods demonstrated acceptable performance. Although the test method may be, and has been, used for the determination of the measures of fineness of various other materials, it should be understood that, in general, relative rather tha
5、n absolute fineness values are obtained. 1.1.1. This test method is known to work well for portland cements. However, the user should exercise judgment in determining its suitability with regard to fineness measurements of cements with densities or porosities that differ from those assigned to Stand
6、ard Reference Material No. 114. 1.2. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
7、 health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. ASTM Standards: A582/A582M, Standard Specification for Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars C670, Standard Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for C
8、onstruction Materials E832, Standard Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.01. 2.2. Other Documents: No. 114, National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material1 BS 4359: 1971 British Standard Method for
9、the Determination of Specific Surface of Powders: Part 2: Air Permeability Methods2 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a T 153-2 AASHTO TEST METHOD A: REFERENCE METHOD 3. APPARATUS 3.1.
10、Nature of ApparatusThe Blaine air permeability apparatus consists essentially of a means of drawing a definite quantity of air through a prepared bed of cement of definite porosity. The number and size of the pores in a prepared bed of definite porosity are a function of the size of the particles an
11、d determine the rate of airflow through the bed. The apparatus, illustrated in Figure 1, shall consist specifically of the parts described in Sections 3.2 to 3.8. Figure 1Blaine Air Permeability Apparatus 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reser
12、ved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a T 153-3 AASHTO 3.2. Permeability CellThe permeability cell shall consist of a rigid cylinder 12.70 0.10 mm in inside diameter, constructed of austenitic stainless steel (see Note 1). The interior of the cell shall have a finish of 0.81 m (32 in
13、.). The top of the cell shall be at right angles to the principal axis of the cell. The lower portion of the cell must be able to form an airtight fit with the upper end of the manometer, so there is no air leakage between the contacting surfaces. A ledge 0.5 to 1 mm in width shall be an integral pa
14、rt of the cell or be firmly fixed in the cell 55 10 mm from the top of the cell for support of the perforated metal disk. The top of the permeability cell shall be fitted with a protruding collar to facilitate the removal of the cell from the manometer. Note 1ASTM A582/A582M Type 303 stainless steel
15、 (UNS designation S30300) has been found to be suitable for the construction of the permeability cell and the plunger. 3.3. DiskThe disk shall be constructed of noncorroding metal and shall be 0.9 0.1 mm in thickness, perforated with 30 to 40 holes 1 mm in diameter equally distributed over its area.
16、 The disk shall fit the inside of the cell snugly. The center portion of one side of the disk shall be marked or inscribed in a legible manner so as to permit the operator always to place that side downward when inserting it into the cell. The marking or inscription shall not extend into any of the
17、holes, nor touch their peripheries, nor extend into that area of the disk that rests on the cell ledge. 3.4. PlungerThe plunger shall be constructed of austenitic stainless steel and shall fit into the cell with a clearance of not more than 0.1 mm. The bottom of the plunger shall sharply meet the la
18、teral surfaces and shall be at right angles to the principal axis. An air vent shall be provided by means of a flat section 3.0 0.3 mm wide on one side of the plunger. The top of the plunger shall be provided with a collar such that when the plunger is placed in the cell and the collar brought in co
19、ntact with the top of the cell, the distance between the bottom of the plunger and the top of the perforated disk shall be 15 1 mm. 3.5. Filter PaperThe filter paper shall be medium retentive, corresponding to Type 1, Grade B, in accordance with ASTM E832. The filter paper disks shall be circular, w
20、ith smooth edges, and shall have the same diameter (see Note 2) as the inside of the cell. Note 2Filter paper disks that are too small may leave part of the sample adhering to the inner wall of the cell above the top disk. When too large in diameter, the disks have a tendency to buckle and cause err
21、atic results. 3.6. ManometerThe U-tube manometer shall be constructed according to the design indicated in Figure 1, using nominal 9-mm outside diameter, standard-wall, glass tubing. The top of one arm of the manometer shall form an airtight connection with the permeability cell. The manometer arm c
22、onnected to the permeability cell shall have a midpoint line etched around the tube at 125 to 145 mm below the top side outlet and also others at distances of 15 1 mm, 70 1 mm, and 110 1 mm above that line. A side outlet shall be provided at 250 to 305 mm above the bottom of the manometer for use in
23、 the evacuation of the manometer arm connected to the permeability cell. A positive airtight valve or clamp shall be provided on the side outlet not more than 50 mm from the manometer arm. The manometer shall be mounted firmly and in such a manner that the arms are vertical. 3.7. Manometer LiquidThe
24、 manometer shall be filled to the midpoint line with a nonvolatile, nonhygroscopic liquid of low viscosity and density, such as dibutyl phthalate (dibutyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate) or a light grade of mineral oil. The fluid shall be free of debris. 3.8. TimerThe timer shall have a positive starting
25、and stopping mechanism and shall be capable of being read to the nearest 0.5 s or less. The timer shall be accurate to 0.5 s or less for time intervals up to 60 s, and to 1 percent or less for time intervals of 60 to 300 s. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officia
26、ls.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a T 153-4 AASHTO 4. CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS 4.1. SampleThe calibration of the air permeability apparatus shall be made using the current lot of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material
27、No. 114. The sample shall be at room temperature when tested. 4.2. Bulk Volume of Compacted Bed of PowderDetermine the bulk volume of the compacted bed of powder by physical measurement or the mercury displacement method as follows: 4.2.1. Bulk Volume Determination by Physical MeasurementPlace two f
28、ilter papers in the permeability cell. Use a rod slightly smaller than the diameter of the cell to press down the edges of the filter paper flat on the perforated disk. Determine the dimensions of the permeability cell using a measuring device readable to 0.001 cm. Measure the inside diameter of the
29、 permeability cell near the perforated disk as well as the depth of the cell and the length of the plunger. Take three measurements of each dimension and use the average value of each dimension to calculate the bulk volume using the formula below: V = r2h (1) where: V = bulk volume occupied by sampl
30、e, cm3; r = diameter cell/2, cm; and h = cell depthplunger length, cm 4.2.2. Bulk Volume Determination by the Mercury Displacement MethodPlace two filter paper disks in the permeability cell, pressing down the edges, using a rod having a diameter slightly smaller than that of the cell, until the fil
31、ter disks are flat on the perforated metal disk. Then fill the cell with mercury, ACS reagent grade or better, removing any air bubbles adhering to the wall of the cell. Use tongs when handling the cell. If the cell is made of material that will amalgamate with mercury, the interior of the cell shal
32、l be protected by a very thin film of oil just prior to adding the mercury. Level the mercury with the top of the cell by lightly pressing a small glass plate against the mercury surface until the glass is flush to the surface of the mercury and rim of the cell, being sure that no bubble or void exi
33、sts between the mercury surface and the glass plate. Remove the mercury from the cell, determine the mass, and record the mass of the mercury. Remove one of the filter disks from the cell. Using a trial quantity of 2.80 g of cement (see Note 3), compress the cement (see Note 4) in accordance with Se
34、ction 4.5, with one filter disk above and one below the sample. Into the unfilled space at the top of the cell, add mercury, remove entrapped air, and level off the top as before. Remove the mercury from the cell, determine the mass, and record the mass of the mercury. WarningnullMercury has been de
35、signated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury or its vapor may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and pr
36、oducts containing mercury. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/index.htmlfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, products containing mercury, or both in your state may be prohibited by stat
37、e law. 4.2.3. Calculate the bulk volume occupied by the cement to the nearest 0.005 cm3as follows: ABWWVD= (2) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a T 153-5 AASHTO where: V = bulk volume
38、of cement, cm3; WA= grams of mercury required to fill the cell, no cement being in the cell; WB= grams of mercury required to fill the portion of the cell not occupied by the prepared bed of cement in the cell; and D = density of mercury at the temperature of test, mg/m3. (See Table 1.) Table 1Densi
39、ty of Mercury, Viscosity of Air (), and at Given Temperatures Room Temperature, C Density of Mercury, mg/m3Viscosity of Air, Pas 16 13.56 17.88 4.23 18 13.55 17.98 4.24 20 13.55 18.08 4.25 22 13.54 18.18 4.26 24 13.54 18.28 4.28 26 13.53 18.37 4.29 28 13.53 18.47 4.30 30 13.52 18.57 4.31 32 13.52 18
40、.67 4.32 34 13.51 18.76 4.33 Make at least two determinations of bulk volume of cement using separate compactions for each determination. The bulk volume value used for subsequent calculations shall be the average of two values agreeing within 0.005 cm3. Note the temperature in the vicinity of the c
41、ell, and record at the beginning and end of the determination. (See Notes 3 and 4.) Note 3It is not necessary to use the standard sample for the bulk volume determination. Note 4The prepared bed of cement shall be firm. If too loose or if the cement cannot be compressed to the desired volume, adjust
42、 the trial quantity of cement used. 4.3. Preparation of SampleEnclose the contents of a vial of the standard cement sample in a jar, approximately 120 cm3(4 oz) and shake vigorously for 2 min to fluff the cement and break up lumps or agglomerates. Allow the jar to stand unopened for a further 2 min,
43、 then remove the lid and stir gently to distribute throughout the sample the fine fraction that has settled on the surface after fluffing. 4.4. Mass of SampleThe mass of the standard sample used for the calibration test shall be that required to produce a bed of cement having a porosity of 0.500 0.0
44、05, and shall be calculated as follows: ( )1WV= (3) where: W = grams of sample required; = density of test sample (for portland cement, a value of 3.15 mg/m3or 3.15 g/cm3shall be used); V = bulk volume of bed cement, cm3, as determined in accordance with Section 4.2; and = desired porosity of bed of
45、 cement (0.500 0.005) (see Note 5). Note 5The porosity is the ratio of volume of voids in a bed of cement to the total or bulk volume of the bed, V. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a
46、T 153-6 AASHTO 4.5. Preparation of Bed of CementSeat the perforated disk on the ledge in the permeability cell, inscribed or marked face down. Place a filter paper disk on the metal disk and press the edges down with a rod having a diameter slightly smaller than that of the cell. Determine the mass
47、to the nearest 0.001 g of the quantity of cement determined in accordance with Section 4.4 and place in the cell. Tap the side of the cell lightly to level the bed of cement. Place a filter paper disk on top of the cement and compress the cement with the plunger until the plunger collar is in contac
48、t with the top of the cell. Slowly withdraw the plunger a short distance, rotate about 90 degrees, repress, and then slowly withdraw. Use of fresh disks is required for each determination. 4.6. Permeability Test: 4.6.1. Attach the permeability cell to the manometer tube, making certain that an airti
49、ght connection is obtained (see Note 6) and taking care not to jar or disturb the prepared bed of cement. Note 6A little stopcock grease should be applied to the standard taper connection. The efficiency of the connection can be determined by attaching the cell to the manometer, stoppering it, partially evacuating the one arm of the manometer, and then closing the valve. Any continuous drop in pressure indicates a leak in the system. 4.6.2. Slowly evacuate the air in the one arm of the manometer U-t
