1、Standard Method of Test for Saybolt Viscosity AASHTO Designation: T 72-10 (2015) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-2a T 72-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Saybolt Viscosity AASHTO Designation: T
2、72-10 (2015) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This test method covers the empirical procedures for determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21 and 99C (70 and 210F). A special procedure for waxy products is indicated. Note 1T 201 and ASTM D4
3、45 are preferred for the determination of kinematic viscosity. These methods require smaller samples and less time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be converted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in ASTM D2161. It is recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated f
4、rom kinematic rather than Saybolt viscosities. 1.2. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respon
5、sibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: R 66, Sampling Asphalt Materials T 59, Emulsified Asphalts T 201, Kinematic Viscosity of A
6、sphalts (Bitumens) 2.2. ASTM Standards: D117, Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin D445, Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) D2161, Standard P
7、ractice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity E1, Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers E11, Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves E102/E102M, Standard Test Method for Saybolt Furol V
8、iscosity of Bituminous Materials at High Temperatures 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 72-2 AASHTO 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Definitions: 3.1.1. Furolan acronym of “Fuel and Road Oils.”
9、3.1.2. Saybolt Furol viscositythe corrected efflux time in seconds of 60 mL (2 oz) of sample flowing through a calibrated Furol orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity value is reported in “Saybolt Furol seconds,” abbreviated “SFS,” at a specified temperature. 3.1.3. Saybolt Universal visc
10、ositythe corrected efflux time in seconds of 60 mL (2 oz) of sample flowing through a calibrated Universal orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity value is reported in “Saybolt Universal seconds,” abbreviated “SUS,” at a specified temperature. 4. SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD 4.1. The efflux time
11、 in seconds of 60 mL of sample, flowing through a calibrated orifice, is measured under carefully controlled conditions. This time is corrected by an orifice factor and reported as the viscosity of the sample at that temperature. 5. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1. This test method is useful in characteriz
12、ing certain petroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformity of shipments and sources of supply. 5.2. See ASTM D117 for applicability to mineral oils used as electrical insulating oils. 5.3. The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenth of the Saybolt Universal viscosity and is
13、 recommended for characterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils and other residual materials having Saybolt Universal viscosities greater than 1000 s. 5.4. Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of asphalt materials at higher temperatures is covered by ASTM E102/E102M. 6. APPARATUS 6
14、.1. Saybolt Viscometer and Bathas shown in Figure 1 and described in Annex A2. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 72-3 AASHTO Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (inches). Figure
15、 1Saybolt Viscometer with Universal and Furol Orifice 32.5 0.5Level of Liquidin BathUniversal TipOverflowRim29.7 0.2(1.28 0.02)(1.17 0.01)MIN. 6 (0.25)1.765 0.015(0.0695 0.0006)12.25 0.10(0.482 0.004)125 1.0(4.92 0.04)88.0(3.47)MIN.9.00(0.354) MIN.3.0 0.2(0.12 0.01)3.150 0.020(0.1240 0.0008)12.25 0.
16、10(0.482 0.004)4.3 0.2(0.17 0.01)Bottom of BathCorkStopperFurol Tip 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 72-4 AASHTO 6.2. Withdrawal Tubeas shown in Figure 2, or other suitable device.
17、 Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (inches). Figure 2Withdrawal Tube for Use with Saybolt Viscometer 6.3. Thermometer SupportOne suitable design is shown in Figure 3. Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (inches). Figure 3Thermometer Support SilverSoldered1/4 in. NPSPipe Cap4.8 (0.19) ID6.4
18、 (0.25)OD127 (5.0)38 (1.5)3.2 (0.13) OD1.6 (0.06) ID15.9 (0.63)17.5 (0.69)7.9 (0.31)76 (3.0)15.9(0.63)4.8 (0.19)9.5 (0.37) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 72-5 AASHTO 6.4. Saybolt
19、 Viscosity Thermometersas listed in Table 1, for reading the temperature of the sample. Each thermometer shall conform to the requirements listed in ASTM E1 for that ASTM Thermometer Number. Table 1ASTM Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers Standard Test Temperature, C (F) ASTM Thermometer Number Thermomet
20、er Range, C (F) Subdivisions, C (F) 21.1 (70) 17C (17F) 19 to 27 (66 to 80) 0.1 (0.2) 25.0 (77) 17C (17F) 19 to 27 (66 to 80) 0.1 (0.2) 37.8 (100) 18C (18F) 34 to 42 (94 to 108) 0.1 (0.2) 50.0 (122) 19C (19F) 49 to 57 (120 to 134) 0.1 (0.2) 54.4 (130) 19C (19F) 49 to 57 (120 to 134) 0.1 (0.2) 60.0 (
21、140) 20C (20F) 57 to 65 (134 to 148) 0.1 (0.2) 82.2 (180) 21C (21F) 79 to 87 (174 to 188) 0.1 (0.2) 98.9 (210) 22C (22F) 95 to 103 (204 to 218) 0.1 (0.2) 6.5. Bath ThermometersSaybolt viscosity thermometers, or any other temperature-indicating devices of equivalent accuracy. 6.6. Filter Funnelas sho
22、wn in Figure 4, equipped with interchangeable 0.850-mm (No. 20), 0.150-mm (No. 100), and 0.075-mm (No. 200) wire-cloth inserts meeting the requirements of ASTM E11 with respect to the wire cloth. Filter funnels of a suitable alternate design may be used. Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (inch
23、es). Figure 4Filter Funnel for Use with Saybolt Viscometer AWireClothAWireClothSpringClip1.6 (0.06)95 (3.75)6013(0.5)23(0.91)6.4 (0.25)51 (2.0)22(0.87) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-
24、2a T 72-6 AASHTO 6.7. Receiving Flaskas shown in Figure 5. Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (inches). Figure 5Receiving Flask 6.8. Timergraduated in tenths of a second and accurate to 0.1 percent when tested over a 60-min interval. Electric timers are acceptable if operated on a controlled-fr
25、equency circuit. 6.9. Erlenmeyer Flask125-mL (4.2-oz). 7. SAMPLING 7.1. Sample the material in accordance with R 66, as appropriate. 8. PREPARATION OF APPARATUS 8.1. Use a Universal orifice or tip for lubricants and distillates with efflux times greater than 32 s to give the desired accuracy. Liquid
26、s with efflux times greater than 1000 s are not conveniently tested with this orifice. 8.2. Use a Furol orifice or tip for residual materials with efflux times greater than 25 s to give the desired accuracy (see also Section 5.3). 8.3. Clean the viscometer thoroughly with an appropriate solvent of l
27、ow toxicity; then remove all solvent from the viscometer and its gallery. Clean the receiving flask in the same manner. Note 2The plunger commonly supplied with the viscometer should never be used for cleaning as this might damage the overflow rim and walls of the viscometer. 10 1 (0.4 0.04) ID at G
28、raduation Mark3 (0.1) Min.3 (0.1) Min.Less than 55(22)11 (0.4) Max.60 0.05 mLat 20C (68 F)58 10(2-3 0.4) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 72-7 AASHTO 8.4. Set up the viscometer and
29、 bath in an area where they will not be exposed to drafts or rapid changes in air temperature and dust or vapors that might contaminate a sample. 8.5. Place the receiving flask (Figure 5) beneath the viscometer so that the graduation mark on the flask is from 100 to 130 mm (4 to 5 in.) below the bot
30、tom of the viscometer tube and so that the stream of oil will just strike the neck of the flask. 8.6. Fill the bath to at least 6 mm (1/4in.) above the overflow rim of the viscometer with an appropriate bath medium selected from Table 2. 8.7. Provide adequate stirring and thermal control for the bat
31、h so that the temperature of a test sample in the viscometer will not vary more than 0.05C (0.09F) after reaching the selected test temperature. 8.8. Do not make viscosity measurements at temperatures below the dew point of the rooms atmosphere. 8.9. For calibration and referee tests, keep the room
32、temperature between 20 and 30C (68 and 86F), and record the actual temperature. However, room temperatures up to 38C (100F) will not introduce errors in excess of 1 percent. Table 2Bath Media Standard Test Temperature, C (F) Bath Medium Max Temp Differential,aC (F) Bath Temperature Control Functiona
33、l Precision, C (F) 21.1 (70) Water 0.05 (0.09) 0.05 (0.09) 25.0 (77) Water 0.05 (0.09) 0.05 (0.09) 37.8 (100) Water, or oil of 50 to 70 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) 0.15 (0.27) 0.05 (0.09) 50.0 (122) Water, or oil of 120 to 150 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) 0.20 (0.36) 0.05 (0.09) 54.4 (130) Water,
34、 or oil of 120 to 150 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) 0.30 (0.54) 0.05 (0.09) 60.0 (140) Water, or oil of 120 to 150 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) 0.50 (0.90) 0.05 (0.09) 82.2 (180) Water, or oil of 300 to 370 SUS viscosity at 37.8C (100F) 0.80 (1.40) 0.05 (0.09) 98.9 (210) Oil of 330 to 370 SUS visco
35、sity at 37.8C (100F) 1.10 (2.0) 0.05 (0.09) aMaximum permissible difference between bath and sample temperatures at the time of the test. 9. CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION 9.1. Calibrate the Saybolt Universal viscometer at intervals of not more than 3 years by measuring the efflux time at 37.8C (10
36、0F) of an appropriate viscosity oil standard, following the procedure given in Section 10. See Annex A2 for viscosity oil standards available. 9.2. The efflux time of the viscosity oil standard shall equal the certified Saybolt viscosity value. If the efflux time differs from the certified value by
37、more than 0.2 percent, calculate a correction factor, F, for the viscometer as follows: F = V/t (1) where: 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 72-8 AASHTO V = certified Saybolt viscos
38、ity of the standard; and t = measured efflux time at 37.8C (100F), s. Note 3If the calibration is based on a viscosity oil standard having an efflux time between 200 and 600 s, the correction factor applies to all viscosity levels at all temperatures. 9.3. Calibrate the Saybolt Furol viscometer at 5
39、0C (122F) as discussed in Section 9.1, using a viscosity oil standard having a minimum efflux time of 90 s. 9.4. Viscometers or orifices requiring corrections greater than 1.0 percent shall not be used in referee testing. 10. PROCEDURE 10.1. Establish and control the bath temperature at the selected
40、 test temperature. 10.1.1. Standard test temperatures for measuring Saybolt Universal viscosities are 21.1, 37.8, 54.4, and 98.9C (70, 100, 130, and 210F). 10.1.2. Standard test temperatures for measuring Saybolt Furol viscosities are 25.0, 37.8, 50.0, and 98.9C (77, 100, 122, and 210F). 10.1.3. Oth
41、er standard test temperatures in use include 60.0 and 82.2C (140 and 180F). 10.2. Insert a cork stopper into the air chamber at the bottom of the viscometer; a small chain or cord may be attached to the cork to facilitate rapid removal. The cork shall fit tightly enough to prevent the escape of air,
42、 as evidenced by the absence of oil on the cork when it is withdrawn as described in Section 10.9. 10.3. If the selected test temperature is above room temperature, the test may be expedited by preheating the sample in its original container to not more than 1.7C (3.0F) above the test temperature. 1
43、0.4. Stir the sample well; then strain it through a wire cloth of appropriate mesh directly into the viscometer until the level is above the overflow rim. The wire cloth shall be 0.150-mm (No. 100) mesh except as noted in T 59. 10.5. For liquid asphalt materials having highly volatile components, su
44、ch as rapid-curing and medium-curing cutbacks, preheating the material in an open container shall not be permitted. The material shall be poured at room temperature into the viscometer, or, if the material is too viscous to pour conveniently at room temperature, it shall be warmed sufficiently by pl
45、acing the sample in the original container in a water bath at 50C (122F) for a few minutes prior to pouring. The step that requires filtering through a wire cloth shall be omitted for liquid asphalt materials containing highly volatile components. For tests on these materials above room temperature,
46、 greater temperature differentials than indicated in Table 2 will be permitted during the heating period, but the bath temperature must be adjusted within the prescribed limits prior to the final minute of stirring (during which the temperature of the sample remains constant). 10.6. The viscosities
47、of steam-refined cylinder oils, black lubricating oils, residual fuel oils, and similar waxy products can be affected by their thermal histories. Use the following preheating procedure with such products to obtain uniform results at temperatures below 93C (200F): 2015 by the American Association of
48、State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2a T 72-9 AASHTO 10.6.1. Heat the sample in its original container to about 50C (122F), while stirring and shaking it to dissolve and blend waxy materials. Probe the bottom of the containe
49、r with a stirring rod to ensure that all waxy materials are in solution, and then mix the solution well. 10.6.2. Pour about 100 mL into a 125-mL (4.2-oz) Erlenmeyer flask. Stopper the flask loosely with a cork or rubber stopper. 10.6.3. Immerse the flask in a bath of boiling water for 30 min. 10.6.4. Mix the solution well and remove the sample from the boiling water bath. Wipe the outside of the flask dry, and strain the samp
