1、AGMA INFORMATION SHEET(This Information Sheet is NOT an AGMA Standard)AGMA915-2-A05AGMA 915-2-A05AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONInspection Practices - Part 2: CylindricalGears - Radial MeasurementsiiInspection Practices - Part 2: Cylindrical Gears - Radial MeasurementsAGMA 915-2-A05CAUTION N
2、OTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,revision or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMAtechnical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the As-sociation on the subject matter.Tables or other self
3、-supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines shouldread: Extracted from AGMA 915-2-A05, Inspection Practices - Part 2: Cylindrical Gears- Radial Measurements, with the permission of the publisher, the American GearManufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandr
4、ia, Virginia22314.Approved May 3, 2005ABSTRACTThis information sheet discusses inspection of cylindrical involute gears using the radial (double flank) compos-ite method, with recommended practices detailed. Also included is a clause on runout and eccentricitymeasurement methods. This information sh
5、eet is a supplement to the standard ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-AXX.Published byAmerican Gear Manufacturers Association500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314Copyright 2005 by American Gear Manufacturers AssociationAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any fo
6、rm, in an electronicretrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN: 1-55589-843-2AmericanGearManufacturersAssociationAGMA 915-2-A05AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONiiiContentsPageForeword iv.1 Scope 1.2 Normative ref
7、erences 1.3 Symbols, corresponding terms and definitions 14 Measurement of radial composite deviations 25 Tooth thickness measurement with radial composite measurement 12.6 Verification of master gears and fixtures 15.7 Runout and eccentricity 16.Bibliography 24.Figures1 Principle of measuring radia
8、l composite deviations 32 Radial composite deviation diagram 3.3 Interpretation of radial composite deviation 4.4 Strip chart of double flank composite test 8.5a Double flank composite test, low number of teeth (12 tooth gear) 85b Double flank composite test, high number of teeth (30 tooth gear) 9.6
9、a Total composite deviation of 30 tooth gear (unfiltered) 10.6b Long term component (30 tooth gear) 10.6c Short term component (30 tooth gear) 117 Manual interpretation of composite test (12 tooth gear) 118 Complex deviations with first order removed (one revolution) 129 Radial composite action test
10、 measurement of tooth thickness 1410 Principle of measuring radial runout 1611 Anvil size for measuring radial runout 17.12 Runout from coordinate measuring machine 19.13 Runout diagram of a gear with 16 teeth 19.14 Runout and pitch deviations of an eccentric gear 21.15 Gear with zero runout, but wi
11、th considerable pitch and cumulative pitchdeviations (all space widths are equal) 2216 Gear with pitch and cumulative pitch deviations and zero runout 2217 Actual gear with little runout and substantial cumulative pitch deviation 2318 Runout measurement with a rider when all space widths are equal a
12、ndpitch deviations are present 23.Tables1 Symbols and terms 2.2 Recommended checking load for metallic gears with 2.5 mm face width 7AGMA 915-2-A05 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONivForewordThis Information Sheet, AGMA 915-2-A05, Inspection Practices - Part 2: CylindricalGears - Radial Measur
13、ements, is provided for informational purposes and is intended foruse with Standard ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-AXX, Accuracy Classification System - RadialMeasurements for Cylindrical Gears.AGMA 915-2-A05 replaces AGMA ISO 10064-2, Cylindrical Gears - Code of InspectionPractice - Part 2: Inspection Related to
14、 Radial Composite Deviations, Runout, ToothThickness and Backlash, and the information on similar subjects as covered in AGMA2000-A88, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook - Tolerances and MeasuringMethods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears.The user of this Information Sheet is alerted th
15、at differences exist between AGMA2000-A88, AGMA ISO 10064-2 and this document. This includes that measuring methodsrefer to an accuracy grade numbering system that is reversed, such that the smallestnumber represents the smallest tolerance. Therefore, the user of this information sheetmust be very c
16、areful when comparing measurement methods formerly specified usingAGMA 2000-A88 or AGMA ISO 10064-2.The first draft of AGMA 915-2-A05 was made in March, 1999. It was approved by theTechnical Division Executive Committee (TDEC) in May, 2005.Suggestions for improvement of this document will be welcome
17、. They should be sent to theAmerican Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,Virginia 22314.AGMA 915-2-A05AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONvPERSONNEL of the AGMA Gear Accuracy CommitteeChairman: Edward Lawson Gleason - Mi.e., with measurements referred to d
18、ouble flankcontact.In providing advice on gear checking methods andthe analysis of measurement results, it supplementsstandard ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-AXX, where most ofthe terms used are defined.2 ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute provisi
19、ons ofthis information sheet. At the time of publication, theeditions indicated were valid. All standards aresubject to revision, and parties to agreements basedon this document are encouraged to investigate thepossibility of applying the most recent editions of thestandards indicated below.AGMA 915
20、-1-A02, Inspection Practices - Part 1:Cylindrical Gears - Tangential MeasurementsAGMA 915-3-A99, Inspection Practices - GearBlanks, Shaft Center Distance and ParallelismAGMA 935-AXX, Recommendations Relative tothe Evaluation of Radial Composite Gear DoubleFlank TestersANSI/AGMA 1012-G05, Gear Nomenc
21、lature, Defi-nition of Terms with SymbolsANSI/AGMA 2002-B88, Tooth ThicknessSpecification and MeasurementANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01, Accuracy ClassificationSystem - Tangential Measurements for CylindricalGearsANSI/AGMA2015-2-AXX,AccuracyClassificationSystem - Radial Measurements for CylindricalGearsANSI/A
22、GMA 2116-AXX, Evaluation of DoubleFlank Testers for Radial Composite Measurementof GearsISO/TR 10064-2:1996, Cylindrical gears - Code ofinspection practice - Part 2: Inspection related toradial composite deviations, runout, tooth thicknessand backlash3 Symbols, corresponding terms anddefinitions3.1
23、Symbols and termsThe symbols and terms used throughout this infor-mation sheet are in basic agreement with thesymbols and terms given in AGMA 900-G00, StyleManual for the Preparation of Standards, andANSI/AGMA 1012-G05, Gear Nomenclature, Defi-nition of Terms with Symbols. In all cases, the firsttim
24、e that each symbol is introduced, it is defined anddiscussed in detail.NOTE: The symbols and definitions used in this infor-mation sheet may differ from other AGMA standards.The user should not assume that familiar symbols canbe used without a careful study of their definitions.The symbols and terms
25、 are listed in alphabeticalorder by symbol in table 1.3.2 DefinitionsThe terms used, wherever applicable, conform toANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 and ANSI/AGMA2015-2-AXX.The reference axis of a component is defined bymeans of datum surfaces. In most cases the axis ofthe bore can be adequately represented by th
26、e axisof the mating product arbor (see AGMA915-3-A99).AGMA 915-2-A05 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION2 2005 AGMA - All rights reservedTable 1 - Symbols and termsSymbols Terms Unitsa Center distance mmadTest center distance mmd Diameter, reference pitch mmdbDiameter, base circle mmFidRadial co
27、mposite deviation, total mmFpTotal cumulative pitch deviation mmFrRunout mmfeEccentricity mmfidRadial composite deviation, tooth-to-tooth mmfptSingle pitch deviation mmLgGage block stack height mmmnModule, normal - -pbPitch, base mmRrTest radius mms Tooth thickness mmx Profile shift coefficient - -z
28、 Number of teeth - - Pressure angle degrees Helix angle degrees Prism (anvil) half angle degreesHelical overlap ratio - - Tooth thickness half angle degreesSubscripts3 Master geara Arborb Basen Normal planeT Tolerancet Transverse planew Product gear, operatingy Any (specified) diameterThe geometric
29、axis of the teeth for radial compos-ite deviation is that axis which, if used for themeasurement, would give the minimum root meansquare (rms) total radial composite deviation over acomplete revolution.4 Measurement of radial compositedeviationsThere are two composite measurement methods forgear ins
30、pection. This information sheet contains adescription of the double flank composite action test,which measures variations in the center distance(radial direction) as a gear rotates in tight mesh witha master gear. The single flank composite action testmeasures transmission error in the tangential di
31、rec-tion with gears that are not in tight mesh, and isdescribed in ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01 and AGMA915-1-A02.4.1 Checking principleRadial composite deviations are checked on adevice on which pairs of gears are assembled withone gear on a fixed spindle, the other on a spindlecarried on a slide provided
32、with a spring arrange-ment enabling the gears to be held radially in closemesh (see figure 1). The variations in centerAGMA 915-2-A05AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION3 2005 AGMA - All rights reserveddistance, which occur as the gears are rotatedtogether in tight mesh, are recorded. This record
33、ingmay be done manually while observing a dialindicator, with a stylus on a chart, or electronically.Gear deviations evaluated by the composite actiontest are tooth-to-tooth composite deviation and totalradial composite deviation. In certain cases, func-tional tooth thickness and radial runout can a
34、lso beevaluated.For most inspection purposes, product gears aretested against a master gear. Measured compositeerrors always include deviations associated with themaster gear. Minimizing master gear deviationsallows more of the tolerance for errors in the productgears.The total radial composite devi
35、ation, Fid, of the gearunder inspection is equal to the maximum variationof center distance during one revolution. It can bedetermined from a recorded diagram. The tooth-to-tooth radial composite deviation, fid, is equal to thevariation of center distance during rotation throughone pitch angle (see
36、figure 2).The tolerance values given in ANSI/AGMA2015-2-AXX are valid for measurements madeusing a master gear.It is important to note that the accuracy and design ofthe master gear, especially its engagement with theproduct gear, can influence the test results. Themaster gear should have sufficient
37、 depth of engage-ment to be capable of contact with the entirefunctional profile of the product gear, but should notcontact its non-functional or root parts. Suchcontact can be avoided when the master gear teethare thick enough to compensate for the product gearbacklash allowance.meshwithoutbacklash
38、view Z (enlarged)measuringdirectionproduct gearmaster gearZDuring rotation, variation of center distance is measuredFigure 1 - Principle of measuring radial composite deviations0 360360zMaximumvalue of fidFidfeFigure 2 - Radial composite deviation diagramAGMA 915-2-A05 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS AS
39、SOCIATION4 2005 AGMA - All rights reservedWhen they are to be used for the quality grading ofaccurate gears, the accuracy of the master gear andthe measuring procedure used should be agreedbetween the manufacturer and purchaser.The design of the master gear shall be agreed uponbetween manufacturer a
40、nd purchaser. The overlapratio, test, may influence the results of radialcomposite measurements of helical gears. Theeffects of profile deviations which would be evidentwith spur gears may be concealed because of themultiple tooth and diagonal contact lines with helicalgears. A helical gear face wid
41、th such that testisless than or equal to 0.5 with the product gear shouldbe used. However, the full face width of the productgear should be explored.A chart recording of approximate sinusoidal form(with amplitude 2fe) over a single revolution indicateseccentricity, fe, of the gear teeth. Reference t
42、o figure2 shows how such a sinusoidal curve can be drawnon the diagram. Eccentricity of a gear is thedeviation between the geometrical axis of the teethand the reference axis (i.e., the bore or shaft).4.2 The utility of radial composite deviation dataRadial composite deviations include componentsfro
43、m the combined deviations of right and left flanks.Therefore, determination of the individual deviationsof corresponding flanks is not feasible. The mea-surement of radial composite deviations quicklyprovides information on deficiencies of quality re-lated to the production machine, the tool, or the
44、product gear setup. The method is chiefly used forcarrying out checking of large quantities of productgears, as well as fine pitch gears.Tooth-to-tooth composite deviations occurring ateach pitch increment tend to indicate profile devi-ations (often profile slope deviations). A largeisolated tooth-t
45、o-tooth composite deviation mayindicate a large single pitch deviation or damagedtooth (see figure 3).RunoutThese are fluctuations in center distance during one revolution of the productgear. They appear in the diagram as slowly increasing and decreasing curvescorresponding to the ratio of the gears
46、.Pitch deviationsThey are revealed in the diagram as sudden and irregular deflections of therecording pen of varying magnitude between two adjacent teeth.Profile deviationsThe slight undulations in the curve indicate deviations of the tooth form from thetheoretical involute profile. Each wave corres
47、ponds to the period of contact ofone tooth.Pressure angle deviations (profile slope deviation)The chart reveals them as regularly spaced and sharp-pointed vertical deflec-tions, whereby each deflection corresponds to the period of contact of one tooth.damaged tooth1 revolutionFigure 3 - Interpretati
48、on of radial composite deviationAGMA 915-2-A05AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION5 2005 AGMA - All rights reservedWith appropriate calibration of the product gearsetup and checking methods, the measuring pro-cess can also be used to determine the centerdistance at which the product gear may be m
49、eshedwith minimum backlash. See AGMA 915-3-A99 forrecommendations on shaft center distance andparallelism of axes. Furthermore, the procedure isuseful for checking gears required to operate withminimum backlash, since the range of functionaltooth thickness can readily be derived from the radialcomposite deviations.For the determination of an accuracy grade, theproduct gear should be checked against a mastergear exploring 100% of the functional flanks.
