1、 Standard AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of S-112-2005) Qualification and Quality Requirements for Electrical Components on Space Solar Panels AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights
2、 reserved. AIAA grants you a license as follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAA standard for storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced
3、 in any way. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of AIAA S-112-2005) Standard Qualification an
4、d Quality Requirements for Electrical Components on Space Solar Panels Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved August 2013 Abstract This standard establishes the quality requirements and provides methods for establishing the qualification of electrical components int
5、egrated onto spacecraft solar panels. AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of S-112-2005) ii Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2013 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publica
6、tion may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-62410-245-5AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of AIAA S-112-2005) iii Table of Contents Foreword v Introduction vii 1 Scop
7、e. 1 1.1 Qualification by Similarity . 1 1.2 Characterization by Similarity 1 1.3 Reporting Requirements for Qualification and Characterization by Similarity 1 2 Tailoring . 1 3 Applicable Documents . 1 4 Vocabulary . 2 5 Summary of Qualification and Characterization Tests . 5 6 Test Requirements 7
8、6.1 Sample Selection . 7 6.2 Visual Inspection 9 6.3 Test Temperature Definitions and Requirements for Temperature Measurement . 9 6.4 Functional Tests 10 6.5 Inspection and Function Test Ensemble 12 7 Qualification Tests . 13 7.1 Life-Cycle Coupon Test With Humidity Exposure 13 7.2 Panel-Level Vola
9、tile Condensable Materials (VCM) / Acoustic Test 17 7.3 ESD Test . 19 8 Characterization Tests . 20 8.1 UV Effects 20 8.2 Angle of Incidence . 21 8.3 Emittance . 22 8.4 Solar Absorptance . 23 8.5 Bypass Diode . 24 8.6 Atomic Oxygen (AO) Test 24 8.7 Component Characterization . 25 9 Quality Requireme
10、nts 25 9.1 Performance 25 9.2 Panel Reliability . 25 9.3 Certification of Conformance . 26 9.4 Lot Identification and Traceability 26 AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of S-112-2005) iv 9.5 Test Equipment Maintenance and Calibration System 26 9.6 Incoming, In-process, and Outgoing Inventory Control 26 9.7
11、Process Control . 27 9.8 Environmental Controls 27 9.9 Conformance of Production Solar Panels to Qualified Product 27 9.10 Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Program 27 9.11 Reworked Solar Panels . 28 9.12 Design Construction and Process Change Control Procedures 28 10 Critical Materials and Design
12、s . 28 10.1 Scope. 28 10.2 Requirements 28 11 Reporting Requirements 28 11.1 Reports to be Produced . 28 11.2 Qualification Report . 29 11.3 Characterization Report . 29 11.4 Quality Report 30 List of Tables Table 1 Summary of data requirements for qualification and characterization tests 5 Table 2
13、Summary of qualification and characterization tests 6 AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of AIAA S-112-2005) v Foreword AIAA Standard S-112-2005 “Qualification and Quality Requirements for Space Solar Panels” was originally developed to provide a “gold standard” for space solar panel qualification, with pro
14、visions included to supplement industry standards for quality. That document has been successfully used within the industry, and that experience led to the realization that a revision would be helpful. Thus, this version of the standard contains improvements that were realized during that implementa
15、tion. The result is a new standard that the Committee on Standards for Solar Cells and Solar Panels has developed and reached consensus that defines the best practices for space solar panel qualification. The members of the AIAA Solar Cells and Solar Panels CoS who contributed to this revision are l
16、isted here: Henry Brandhorst (Chair) Carbon-Free Energy, LLC Robert W. Francis (Co-Chair) Aerospace Corporation Edward Gaddy (Co-Chair) Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Amalia Aviles The Boeing Company Scott Billets Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Robert Bornino National Tec
17、hnical Systems Marc Breen The Boeing Company Michael Butler Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Ben Cho Emcore Corporation Steve Gasner Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company James Hall Qioptiq Space Technology Bao Hoang Space Systems/Loral Glenn Jones Qioptiq Space Technology Bongim
18、Jun Boeing-Spectrolab John Lyons Goddard Space Flight Center John Martin Qioptiq Space Technology Scott Messenger Naval Research Laboratory Nikki Noushkam Orbital Sciences Corporation Tod Redick Space Systems/Loral Brad Reed Consultant Luis Rodriguez U.S. Air Force Dennis Russell Boeing Radiation Ef
19、fects Laboratory Paul Sharps Emcore Corporation Brian Smith Aerospace Corporation Jared Smith Space and Missile Systems Center C. M. Chantal Toporow Northrop Grumman Space Technology Brian Wells Auburn University AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of AIAA S-112-2005) vi The above consensus body approved thi
20、s document for publication in April 2013. The AIAA Standards Executive Council (VP Standards, Laura McGill, Chairperson) accepted this document for publication in August 2013. The AIAA Standards Procedures dictates that all approved standards, recommended practices, and guides are advisory only. The
21、ir use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. There is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commitment to conform to or be guided by standards reports. In formulating, revising, and approving standards publications, the committees on standards will n
22、ot consider patents that may apply to the subject matter. Prospective users of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents or copyright or both. AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of AIAA S-112-2005) vii Introduction This standard establishes the
23、quality requirements and provides the methods for establishing the qualification of electrical components integrated onto spacecraft solar panels. Section 7 describes specific tests necessary to ensure the quality and reliability of solar panels intended for space application. Section 8 describes sp
24、ecific solar panel characterization tests necessary to characterize the performance of solar panels intended for space application. Section 9 describes the quality requirements for panels to be qualified to this standard. Section 11 describes the reporting format for the qualification tests in Secti
25、on 7, the characterization tests in Section 8, and the quality requirements in Section 9. AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of AIAA S-112-2005) 1 1 Scope This document establishes qualification and quality requirements for the electrical components integrated onto spacecraft solar panels that carry single
26、crystal silicon solar cells or gallium arsenide solar cells having any number of junctions including those with metamorphic and inverted metamorphic structure. In this standard the term panel defines the assembly of electrical components to be tested. The standard also defines requirements for solar
27、 panel manufacturers quality systems and for qualification and characterization of the electrical components on solar panels. This standard fully addresses the qualification of all panel components and the panel substrate only as they affect electrical performance. Requirements for acceptance testin
28、g are not defined in this document. In accordance with the conditions stated in this section, this standard accepts qualification and characterization by similarity when approved in writing by the customer. 1.1 Qualification by Similarity If a panel to be qualified uses the same part types, material
29、s, and processes as a panel previously qualified to this standard and is exposed to environments that are encompassed by the previous qualification to this standard, this standards required tests and characterizations may be waived. If the same part types or materials are not available, equivalent p
30、art types or materials may be used if their pedigree to the same part type can be established and is satisfactory for the intended usage. If some parts, materials, and processes have changed from similarity qualification, as defined by the paragraph above, the qualification may still suffice for the
31、 unchanged parts, materials, and processes. The similarity qualification will apply only to those parts and materials that are not changed and that do not make physical contact with a changed part or material; the qualifier must show by analysis that the remaining parts and materials are not affecte
32、d to any degree by the presence of a changed part or material. The qualifier must execute the tests required by this standard on all the parts that are changed, or that are in physical contact with a changed part or that may be affected by a changed part. 1.2 Characterization by Similarity Character
33、ization is only required for parts and materials that were not characterized by similarity or that are changed or that were produced with processes that changed since the similarity characterization. 1.3 Reporting Requirements for Qualification and Characterization by Similarity Report in accordance
34、 with Section 11.2f and 11.3e. 2 Tailoring Tailoring of this document is allowed to meet specified requirements. Wherever tailoring is proposed to a requirement herein, the rationale shall be stated and agreed upon. Written customer approval of the tailored sections is required. 3 Applicable Documen
35、ts The following applicable documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. For all documents, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. In the event of a conflict between this standard, the document
36、s cited below and other documents, this standard takes precedence. AS9100 Quality Management Systems Requirements for Aviation, Space, and Defense Organizations AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of AIAA S-112-2005) 2 AIAA S-111-2005 Qualification and Quality Requirements for Space-Qualified Solar Cells ANS
37、I/NCSL Z540.1-1994 Calibration Laboratories and Measuring and Test EquipmentGeneral Requirements Aerospace Report TR-2004 (8583)-1 Revision B, Test Requirements for Launch, Upper-Stage, and Space Vehicles ASTM E408 Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter T
38、echniques ASTM E595-93(2003)e2 Standard Test Method for Total Mass Loss and Collected Volatile Condensable Materials from Outgassing in a Vacuum Environment ASTM E903-96 Standard Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres ASTM E927-10 Sta
39、ndard Specification for Solar Simulation for Photovoltaic Testing EIA 557 (1995) Statistical Process Control Systems EIA 625 Requirements for Handling Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive Devices ISO-11221 Space systems Space solar panels Spacecraft charging induced electrostatic discharge test methods
40、 MIL-STD-750F Test Method Standard: Test Methods for Semiconductor Devices 4 Vocabulary For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. ATT ambient test temperature, 23.5 5C Control limit the maximum allowable variation of a process characteristic around a target value
41、NOTE 1 Variation beyond a control limit may be evidence that special causes are affecting the process. NOTE 2 Control limits are calculated from process data and are usually represented as a line (or lines) on a control chart. Coverglass an optically clear component affixed to the active side of a s
42、olar cell, typically used to provide radiation shielding and increase emissivity NOTE A coverglass may have coatings to enhance solar cell performance. Coverglass-interconnect-solar cell assembly (CIC) an assembly consisting of a solar cell, interconnect, and coverglass AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of
43、 AIAA S-112-2005) 3 Customer a company or organization whose primary activity causes it to procure, use, and/or employ the products, goods, or services that are affected by the standard CTT cold test temperature, at least 10C below the lowest predicted flight temperature Electrostatic discharge (ESD
44、) an electrostatic discharge Electrostatic discharge sensitivity (ESDS) the sensitivity of a component to electrostatic discharge Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) an analytical technique used as a means to assure that potential failure modes and their associated causes/mechanisms have been
45、considered and addressed FIT failure in time GSE ground support equipment HTT hot test temperature, at least 10C above the highest predicted flight temperature Interconnect a conductive component designed to electrically connect one solar cell to another, or a solar cell to an electrical bus Life-cy
46、cle coupon a panel sample, built with processes, materials, and components that are flight-qualified or proposed for flight qualification Major change a change that affects form, fit, or function of a space-qualified solar panel component or solar panel through end of life Maximum power point (Pmp)
47、the maximum electric power that can be generated by a solar cell, CIC, or string Minor change a change that does not affect form, fit or function of a space-qualified solar panel component or solar panel through end of life MSC minimum sample count MTBF mean time between failures MTTFF mean time to
48、first failure Open circuit voltage (Voc) the electric potential across the terminals of a solar cell, CIC, or string at zero current Panel family a set of solar panels so similar in design and construction as to be indistinguishable from each other in AIAA S-112A-2013 (Revision of AIAA S-112-2005) 4
49、 terms of nominal power produced per unit area and degradation subsequent to any environmental exposure NOTE A panel family is distinct in that it has a unique design that consists of a combination of mechanical dimensions, parts, materials, and processes. Qualifer the entity that is contractually responsible for performing the solar panel qualification Short circuit current (Isc) the current measured between the terminals of a solar cell, CIC or string at zero voltage Simulated air mass zero that output achieved from a solar simulator calibrated to air
