1、 ANSI/AIAA S-131-2010 American National Standard Standard Astrodynamics Propagation Specifications, Technical Definitions, and Recommended Practices AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA.
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4、ropagation Specifications, Technical Definitions, and Recommended Practices Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved 25 August 2010 American National Standards Institute Abstract This document provides the broad astrodynamics and space operations community with techni
5、cal standards and lays out recommended approaches to ensure compatibility between organizations. Applicable existing standards and accepted documents are leveraged to make a completeyet coherentdocument. These standards are intended to be used as guidance and recommended practices for astrodynamics
6、applications in Earth orbit where interoperability and consistency of results is a priority. For those users who are purely engaged in research activities, these standards can provide an accepted baseline for innovation. ANSI/AIAA S-131-2010 ii Approval of an American National Standard requires veri
7、fication by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
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14、ational Standard ANSI/AIAA S-131-2010 iii Contents Foreword vii Introduction x 1 Scope. 1 2 Tailoring . 1 3 Applicable Documents . 1 4 Vocabulary . 1 4.1 Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms . 1 4.2 Terms and Definitions 5 5 Units, Precision, Time, Constants, and Coordinates 18 5.1 Units. 18 5.1.1 Present
15、ation of Units 19 5.1.2 Recommended Practice . 19 5.2 Precision, Accuracy, and Uncertainty 19 5.2.1 Expression of Uncertainty 20 5.2.2 Recommended Practice . 21 5.3 Time Systems 21 5.3.1 UTC Leap Seconds . 23 5.3.2 Presentation of Time 24 5.3.3 Earth Orientation Parameter Data . 24 5.3.4 Data Source
16、s . 25 5.3.5 Recommended Practice . 25 5.4 Constants . 26 5.4.1 Fundamental Defining Parameters 26 5.4.2 Astronomical Parameters . 26 5.4.3 Recommended Practice . 26 5.5 Coordinate Systems. 27 5.5.1 The International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) . 27 5.5.2 The International Celestial Reference
17、 Frame (ICRF) . 28 5.5.3 Geocentric Celestial Reference System 29 5.5.4 Implementation of the International Celestial Reference Frame 29 5.5.5 CIP, CIO, and TIO . 30 5.5.6 Celestial and Terrestrial Frame Transformations . 31 5.5.7 Origins of Celestial Coordinate Frames . 34 5.5.8 Satellite-Based Coo
18、rdinate Frames . 35 5.5.9 Recommended Practice . 38 ANSI/AIAA S-131-2010 iv 6 Force Models . 38 6.1 Overview 38 6.2 Central Body Gravitational Attraction . 40 6.2.1 Earth Gravitational Models . 41 6.3 Atmospheric Drag 46 6.3.1 Corrections to Atmospheric Models . 47 6.3.2 Specific Details of Atmosphe
19、ric Drag . 48 6.3.3 U.S. Standard 1976 (01,000 km) Static . 51 6.3.4 DTM (2001,200 km) . 52 6.3.5 Jacchia Models 52 6.3.6 Jacchia-Roberts 1971 52 6.3.7 MSIS Models . 52 6.3.8 MET 88/MET 99 . 53 6.3.9 GRAM 07 (02,500 km) . 53 6.3.10 GOST Russian (1201,500 km) . 53 6.3.11 Approved Variations. 54 6.4 T
20、hird Body Perturbations . 54 6.4.1 Analytical . 54 6.4.2 Numerical (DE200, DE400 Series) 55 6.4.3 Approved Variations. 55 6.5 Solar Radiation Pressure . 55 6.5.1 Analytical Model of Solar Radiation Pressure Effects 57 6.5.2 Approved Variations. 57 6.6 Temporal Variation of the Gravity Field 57 6.6.1
21、 Solid Tides . 58 6.6.2 Ocean Tides 59 6.6.3 Pole Tides 61 6.6.4 Seasonal and Secular Changes 61 6.7 Earth Radiation Pressure . 62 6.7.1 Technical Definition . 64 6.7.2 Approved Variations. 64 6.8 Relativity 64 6.8.1 Technical Definition . 66 6.8.2 Approved Variations. 67 6.9 Thermal Yarkovsky Force
22、s 67 6.9.1 Technical Definition . 68 ANSI/AIAA S-131-2010 v 6.9.2 Approved Variations. 68 6.10 Thrust and Other Forces 68 6.11 Recommended Practice for Force Models . 68 7 Propagation Methods for Earth Satellites. 69 7.1 Introduction 69 7.2 Analytical Solutions of Earth Satellite Equations of Motion
23、 69 7.2.1 Two-Body Model 70 7.2.2 Simple Analytical Model . 70 7.2.3 Simplified General Perturbations (SGP) 71 7.2.4 Simplified General Perturbations #4 Model (SGP4) . 71 7.2.5 Position and Partials as a Function of Time (PPT3) 71 7.2.6 Russian Analytical Prediction Algorithm With Enhanced Accuracy
24、(AP) 72 7.2.7 Russian Analytical Prediction Algorithm (A) . 72 7.2.8 Approved Variations. 72 7.3 Numerical Solutions of Earth Satellite Equations of Motion . 73 7.3.1 Integrators 74 7.3.2 Approved Variations. 75 7.4 Semianalytical Solutions of Artificial Earth Satellite Equations of Motion . 76 7.4.
25、1 Technical Definitions 76 7.4.2 Approved Variations. 78 7.5 Summary Recommended Practice for Propagation Methods 78 8 Bibliography . 78 Annex A References (Informative) . 82 Figures Figure 1 Long-term EOP coefficient performance . 25 Figure 2 Transformation theories . 27 Figure 3 Celestial to terre
26、strial coordinate transformations . 32 Figure 4 Perfiocal coordinate system 35 Figure 5 Satellite-based coordinate systems . 36 Figure 6 Satellite-based LVLH coordinate system . 37 Figure 7 Force model comparisons: LEO 500 500 km, 51.6 . 39 Figure 8 Gravitational models 42 Figure 9 Gravity field com
27、parisons 43 Figure 10 Atmosphere models. 47 Figure 11 Sample atmospheric drag sensitivity . 49 ANSI/AIAA S-131-2010 vi Figure 12 Sample solar radiation pressure sensitivity . 57 Figure 13 Magnitudes of relativistic accelerations as a function of semimajor axis . 66 Figure 14 Propagation flowchart 74
28、 Tables Table 1 Summary force model comparisons . 40 Table 2 Fundamental defining parameters (EGM-96) . 44 Table 3 Sample geopotential data (EGM-96) 44 Table 4 Fundamental defining parameters (WGS-84) . 45 Table 5 Estimation of seasonal variations for low degree geopotential coefficients 62 Table 6
29、AP prediction error in days . 72 ANSI/AIAA S-131-2010 vii Foreword One of the most significant scientific and technological accomplishments since the beginning of the space era is the successful deployment of space systems and the necessarily ingenious application of astrodynamics to support these s
30、ystems. Astrodynamics has been developed by extending the knowledge accumulated since the first recorded investigations into the motions of heavenly bodies. The outgrowth of civilian and military rocket system developments has led to the establishment and implementation of numerous space systems, re
31、lated physical models, and astrodynamics theories, algorithms, and procedures. With the proliferation of different and independent space systems and advancements in technology and astrodynamic sciences, the interfacing needed to ensure interoperability within space operations has become more complex
32、. The ASD/CoS charter is to “Identify, establish, and publish astrodynamics standards, guides, and recommended practices to ensure the continued enhancement of aerospace-wide efficiency and productivity to meet the scientific, technological and operational demands.” To accomplish the chartered goals
33、, the strategy is to: Research and establish the up-to-date status of the astrodynamics standards and practices currently available. Identify scientific, technological, and operational programs and system elements that have a need for astrodynamics standards and consensus practices. Perform in-depth
34、 analyses of the existing standards and practices and develop recommendations for possible adoption and/or modifications as AIAA standards or practices. Develop definition of standards and adopt formal guidelines and requirements of standardization. Recommend and propose the areas where new standard
35、s, guides, and recommended practices are required. Additionally, identify areas where standards are currently not appropriate. Identify, develop, and document candidate new astrodynamics standards, guides, and recommended practices for consideration. Perform independent verification and validation,
36、including solicitation of in-depth reviews within industry, academia, and government laboratories for all proposed and documented standards, guides, and recommended practices. Submit proposed standards, guides, and recommended practices to the Standards Executive Council for approval and publication
37、. Maintain all relevant technical materials and standards. Maintain technical coordination with scientific and astrodynamics communities nationally and internationally. To help provide coherent direction for its activities in identifying and selecting topics, the committee approved a set of criteria
38、. Fundamentally, the committee has taken the view that the objective of an astrodynamic standard is to provide guidance on practices that will ensure and enhance interoperability between organizations. Following are the criteria that have been useful in selecting topics that achieve this objective:
39、Scope: Does the topic relate to processes associated with describing the motion of orbiting bodies? Although rather evident, the committee has occasionally found itself considering topics that really fall within the purview of a different area or responsibility. ANSI/AIAA S-131-2010 viii Utility: Is
40、 the topic of wide concern to the majority of the astrodynamics community, and does it deal with the process of information exchange among members of that community? If a topic is of only minor relevance to the community, developing standards may not be particularly useful. Thus, such standards shou
41、ld aim at facilitating the broadest information exchange across the community. Alternatives (Ambiguity): Does the topic involve alternative ways of performing a process or accomplishing an objective? In cases where multiple alternatives exist, we tried to give guidance on the variability of applicat
42、ions, indicating what the community consensus is. Where only one commonly accepted alternative existed, we determined if there was any potential confusion in its application. Practicality: Can agreement be achieved on standardization? Despite meeting all the above criteria, insufficient consensus ma
43、y demand not treating the topic. The ASD/CoS initial effort, Recommended Practice, AstrodynamicsPart I, was chaired by Dr. Joseph J. F. Liu. A Part II document was initiated by Dr. Hamilton Hagar, but was never officially finished in its original form. The current document supersedes the Part I and
44、Part II and forms a unified document, including specific treatment of standards and recommended practices. The current version focuses on propagation for Earth orbiting satellites. At the time of approval, the members of the AIAA Astrodynamics Committee on Standards were: David A. Vallado, Chair Cen
45、ter for Space Standards also, the sum of the argument of periapsis and the true anomaly Argument of Periapsis () the angle between the line of nodes and the periapsidal line measured in the direction of motion Ascending Node the point in the equatorial plane, or in general, in the reference plane, w
46、here the body passes from south to north of the reference plane (see right ascension of the ascending node) Astrodynamics branch of space science and engineering dealing with the motion of artificial bodies in space (see also celestial mechanics) Astronomical Unit (AU) the semimajor axis of Earths o
47、rbit; equal to the radius of a circular orbit in which a body of negligible mass, free of perturbations, revolves around the Sun in 2/k days, where k is the Gaussian gravitational constant Atomic Clock an electronic resonating device used for time-keeping that derives its basic frequency standard fr
48、om the electromagnetic radiation associated with the transition between a specific pair of atomic energy levels Autumnal Equinox the direction and date when the fictitious Sun crosses the equatorial plane from North to South in its apparent motion along the ecliptic Auxiliary Circle a circle circums
49、cribing an elliptic orbit and having a radius equal to the semimajor axis of the orbit Azimuth (Az) the angle measured clockwise from North along the horizon of the celestial sphere to the great circle passing through the point of interest and the zenith Ballistic Coefficient (BC) a parameter used to model the satellite characteristics that influence the perturbative acceleration due to drag on a satellite, NOTE 1 /BCDCAm= where DCis the drag coefficient, Ais the effective frontal area, and mis the ma
