1、 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.19Steel Design GuideFire Resistance of Structural Steel Framingcover DG19.qxd 1/29/2004 4:09 PM Page 1 2003 by Ameri
2、can Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.19Steel Design GuideFire Resistanceof Structural Steel Framing John L. Ruddy, S.E.Joseph P. MarloSocrates A. Ioannides, Ph.D., S.E
3、.Structural Affiliates International, Inc.Nashville, TNFarid Alfawakhiri, P.Eng., Ph.D.American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.Chicago, ILAMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.This publication or any part there
4、of must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.Copyright 2003byAmerican Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.All rights reserved. This book or any part thereofmust not be reproduced in any form without thewritten permission of the publisher.The information presented in thi
5、s publication has been prepared in accordance with recognizedengineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate,this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without com-petent professional examination and verification of
6、 its accuracy, suitablility, and applicabilityby a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect. The publication of the material con-tained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the AmericanInstitute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein,
7、 that this information is suit-able for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents.Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use.Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by oth
8、erbodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amendedfrom time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsi-bility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of theinitial publi
9、cation of this edition.Printed in the United States of AmericaFirst Printing: December 2003i 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe auth
10、ors thank the members of the AISC Fire Safety Engineering Committee for their review, commentaryand assistance in the development of this design guide:Kathleen AlmandRobert M. BerhinigWilliam B. BourneCharles J. CarterDavid S. CollinsGreg DeierleinRobert J. DexterJohn J. DowlingBruce EllingwoodMicha
11、el F. EngestromDave FrableJohn L. GrossManny E. HerreraNestor R. IwankiwJoseph M. JardinLawrence A. KloiberVenkatesh K. R. KodurJoel KruppaBarbara LaneDavid H. MacKinnonHarry W. MartinShinju MatsushitaBrian J. MeachamJames A. MilkeLarry K. SchillingJean-Baptiste SchleichPaul E. SensenyRobert E. Solo
12、monIan R. ThomasEmile W. J. TroupBeth TubbsMichael J. TylkSriramulu VinnakotaRobert D. WeberRobert J. Wills 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. iiTABLE
13、 OF CONTENTS I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . 1 I.2 Model Building Codes . . . . . . . . . 1 I.3 Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. Building Code Requirements . . . . . 3 II.1 Genera
14、l Information . . . . . . . . . 3 II.2 Building Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II.3 IBC Fire Resistant Design . . . . . . 3 II.4 Required Fire Resistance Ratings . . 3 II.4.1 Area Modifications . . . . . . . . 4 II.4.2 Fire Wall Separations . . . . . . . 4 II.4.3 Fire Partitions . . . . . . . . . .
15、 . 5 II.4.4 Height Modifications . . . . . . . 5 II.4.5 High-Rise Building Modifications 5 II.4.6 Unlimited Area Buildings . . . . 5 II.4.7 Open Parking Garages . . . . . . 5 II.4.8 Special Provisions . . . . . . . . 5 II.4.9 Example II.1 . . . . . . . . . . . 6 II.4.10 Example II.2 . . . . . . . .
16、. . . 7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 III. Standard Fire Test . . . . . . . . . . 9 III.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . 9 III.2 Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 III.3 Standard Test Fire . . . . . . . . . . 11 III.3.1 Limitations of the Standard Fire Test . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . 11 III.4 Thermal Restraint . . . . . . . . . . 12 III.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 IV. Rated Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 IV.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . 15 IV.2 ASCE/SFPE 29. . . . . . . . . . . . 15
18、IV.3 UL Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 IV.4 Other Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 V. Fire Protection Materials . . . . . . . 17 V.1 General Information. . . . . . . . . . 17 V.2 Gypsum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 V.2.1 Gypsum Board . .
19、 . . . . . . . . 17 V.2.2 Gypsum-Based Plaster . . . . . . 17 V.3 Masonry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 V.4 Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 V.5 Spray-Applied Fire Resistive Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 V.5.1 Fibrous SFRM . . . . . . . . . . 18 V.5.2 Cementitious SFRM .
20、. . . . . . 18 V.6 Mineral Fiberboard . . . . . . . . . . 18 V.7 Intumescent Coatings . . . . . . . . . 18 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 VI. Fire Protection for Steel Columns . . 20 VI.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . 20 VI.2 Temperature Criteria . . . . . . . . 20 VI.3 ASTM
21、 E119 ANSI/UL 263 . . . . . 20 VI.4 Test Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 VI.5 UL Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 VI.6 IBC Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 VI.7 W/D and A/P Criteria. . . . . . . . . 21 VI.8 Column Fire Protection Systems. . . 22 VI.8.1 Prefabricated Building Units (00
22、0-099) . . . . . . . . . . . 22 VI.8.2 Prefabricated Fireproof Columns (100-199) . . . . . . . 22 VI.8.3 Endothermic and Ceramic Mat Materials (200-299) . . . . 22 VI.8.4 Mineral Board Enclosures (300- 399) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 VI.8.4.1 Example VI-1 . . . . . . . 23 VI.8.5 Lath and Plast
23、er Enclosures (400-499) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 VI.8.6 Gypsum Board Systems (500- 599) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 VI.8.6.1 Example VI-2 . . . . . . . 25 VI.8.7 Mastic Coatings (600-699) . . . 26 VI.8.8 Spray-applied Fire Resistive Materials (700-899) . . . . . . 26 VI.8.8.1 Example VI-3 . .
24、 . . . . . 27 VI.8.9 Concrete-Filled HSS Columns . 28 VI.8.9.1 Example VI-4 . . . . . . . 28 VI.8.10 Masonry Enclosures. . . . . . 30 VI.8.10.1 Example VI-5 . . . . . . 30 VI.8.11 Concrete Protection . . . . . . 32 VI.8.11.1 Example VI-6 . . . . . . 33 VI.8.12 Exterior Columns . . . . . . . 33 Refer
25、ences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 VII. Fire Protection for Steel Roof and Floor Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 VII.1 General Information. . . . . . . . . 36 VII.2 Temperature Criteria . . . . . . . . 36 VII.3 ASTM E119 ANSI/UL 263 . . . . . 36 VII.3.1 Thermal Restraint . . . . . . . 36
26、 VII.3.2 Steel Assembly Test . . . . . . 36 VII.3.3 Loaded Steel Beam Test . . . . 37 VII.4 Test Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 VII.5 UL Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 VII.6 Building Codes . . . . . . . . . . . 38 VII.6.1 Level of Protection. . . . . . . 38 VII.6.2 Individual Member Pro
27、tection 38 VII.6.3 Fire Resistance Design. . . . . 39 VII.7 Construction Factors Influencing Fire Resistance Ratings . . . . . . . 40 VII.7.1 Concrete Strength and Unit Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 VII.7.2 Composite/Non-Composite Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2003 by American Institute o
28、f Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. iiiVII.7.3 Steel Deck Properties . . . . . 40 VII.7.4 Unprotected/Protected Steel Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 VII.7.5 Roof Insulation.
29、. . . . . . . . 40 VII.8 Fire Resistant Assembly Systems. . 41 VII.8.1 Fire-Rated Ceiling Systems . . 41 VII.8.2 Individual Protection Systems 41 VII.9 W/D Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 VII.10 SFRM Thickness Adjustment . . . 42 VII.10.1 Larger W/D Substitution . . . 42 VII.10.2 SFRM Thickness
30、 Adjustment Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 VII.10.3 Example VII-1 . . . . . . . . 42 VII.10.4 Example VII-2 . . . . . . . . 44 VII.11 Beam Substitution . . . . . . . . . 45 VII.11.1 Example VII-3 . . . . . . . . 46 VII.12 Steel Joist Assemblies . . . . . . . 48 VII.13 Joist Substitution . . . .
31、 . . . . . . 48 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 VIII. Fire Protection for Steel Trusses . 50 VIII.1 General Information . . . . . . . . 50 VIII.2 Building Codes. . . . . . . . . . . 50 VIII.2.1 Level of Protection . . . . . . 50 VIII.2.2 Protection Methods . . . . . . 51 VIII.2.2.1 I
32、ndividual Element Protection. . . . . . . . . 51 VIII.2.2.2 Wall Envelope Protection 52 VIII.2.2.3 Wall Envelope Combined With Individual Protection 52 VIII.2.2.4 Fire Resistive Floor/ Ceiling Systems. . . . . . 52 VIII.3 Structural Steel Truss Systems. . . 53 VIII.3.1 Typical Truss Systems . . . .
33、53 VIII.3.1.1 Example VIII-1. . . . . . 53 VIII.3.1.2 Example VIII-2. . . . . . 53 VIII.3.2 Staggered Truss Systems . . . 53 VIII.3.2.1 Example VIII-3. . . . . . 54 VIII.3.2.2 Example VIII-4. . . . . . 55 VIII.3.3 Transfer Truss Systems . . . . 56 VIII.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Refere
34、nces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 IX. Spray-Applied Fire Resistive Material Testing therefore the onset of temperature increase comes about more quickly. Concrete containing high moisture contents is susceptible to “explosive spalling” with the sudden loss of concrete cover. Finally, concret
35、e serves as a physical barrier between the intense heat of a building fire and the structural member. Studies have shown that thickness is the factor that contributes most to the fire resistance of concrete-protected members6. V.5 SPRAY-APPLIED FIRE RESISTIVE MATERIALS Spray-applied fire resistive m
36、aterials may be categorized into two basic groups, cementitious and fiber-based. Despite what these categories suggest, a Portland or gypsum-based cement provides cohesion to both types of SFRM. V.5.1 Fibrous SFRM. Fibers created by melting rock or iron slag and spinning the materials into wool prod
37、uces a filamentous mass with lightweight and noncombustible properties. An insulating fire protection material is created by combining the wool with a binder. Application of fibrous SFRM consists of the mixing of bonding agents and dry fibers with water at the nozzle of the hose, then spray-applying
38、 the material to coat the member to be protected. ASTM C10147outlines pertinent fire resisting requirements of fibrous SFRM protection. V.5.2 Cementitious SFRM. Most cementitious SFRM protections contain gypsum mineral that provides fire protection to structural elements through the release of gypsu
39、ms chemically combined water in the form of steam. Additional protection is also provided through the inclusion of vermiculite or perlite aggregates, which expand and insulate under extreme heating conditions. Cementitious SFRM is prepared by mixing the slurry in a hopper and delivering the SFRM und
40、er pressure into a nozzle for spray application. In lieu of spraying, the slurry may be trowelled into place. V.6 MINERAL FIBERBOARD Mineral fiberboard is created by spinning and compressing volcanic rock, resins, mineral fibers, or wools into boards. These boards form fire resistant barriers that m
41、ay be cut and placed to form a tight seal around structural elements. Mineral fiberboard has the advantage of being able to be placed in outdoor weather conditions, and is not significantly affected by the surface conditions of the steel it is protecting. This advantage allows the fiberboard to be p
42、laced in locations where clearances are tight, or for retrofit conditions. A variety of precut sizes and surface finishes are available from manufacturers. ASTM C6128specifies maximum use temperature limits, density, and relevant thermal and physical characteristics of standard board types. V.7 INTU
43、MESCENT COATINGS Intumescent coatings are thin chemical films that include a mixture of binders, resins, ceramics and refractory fillers. These films expand under high temperatures and form a durable, adherent, fire resisting cellular foam layer as gases within the film attempt to escape. Research h
44、as estimated that while the foam layer chars, its low thermal conductivity creates a reduced thermal capacity that acts to retard heat flow to the steel. The foam layer acts as an appreciable heat sink during intumescence, then as a reasonable insulator. Intumescent systems applied to steel members
45、typically consist of a base coat, containing elements with the ability to create the foam layer, placed on top of the steel primer. A top coat is then placed over the base coat. This layer provides the film with desired aesthetic qualities, while providing protection from humidity, abrasion, and che
46、micals. The coatings are placed in a similar manner to paint, and may be applied with rollers, brushes, or spray equipment. Some applications require the use of a glass fiber reinforcing mesh between layers of intumescent coatings. Coating thickness can range from 8 in. to s in. and fire resistance
47、ratings up to 3 hours are possible. 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. 19REFERENCES 1 Walker, Jerry A. (2002), “All Things Gypsum-The Moisture in Gyps
48、um,” Walls & Ceilings, . 2 National Gypsum Company (2002), How Wallboard is Made, . 3 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2001), Standard Specification for Gypsum Wallboard, Specification No. C36/C36M-01, West Conshohocken, PA. 4 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2000
49、), Standard Specification for Gypsum Plasters, Specification No. C28/C28M-00, West Conshohocken, PA. 5 National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) (1998), Tek Manual for Concrete Masonry Design and Construction, Herndon, VA. 6 Schultz, Neil (1985), Fire and Flammability Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc., New York, NY. 7 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1999), Standard Specification for Spray-Applied Mineral Fiber Thermal or Acoustical Insulation, Specification No. C1014-99, West Conshohocken, PA. 8 A
