1、27Steel Design GuideStructural Stainless SteelDG27_cover.indd 1 8/7/2013 2:11:04 PMAMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONStructural Stainless SteelNANCY BADDOOThe Steel Construction InstituteSilwood Park, Ascot, UK27Steel Design Guide000-0vi_DG27_FM.indd 3 8/7/13 11:24 AMAISC 2013 by American Inst
2、itute of Steel ConstructionAll rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without thewritten permission of the publisher.The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC.The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognize
3、d engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a licensed
4、professional engineer, designer or architect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particu
5、lar use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use.Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such mat
6、erial may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition.Printed in the United States of Amer
7、ica000-0vi_DG27_FM.indd 4 8/7/13 11:24 AMiAuthorNancy Baddoo is an associate director at The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) and a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers. She has worked on many research projects studying the structural performance of stainless steel as well as being active
8、in disseminating design guidance through publications, seminars, and online design tools. She chairs the European technical com-mittee responsible for the stainless steel Eurocode, EN 1993-1-4.AcknowledgmentsThe preparation of this Design Guide was sponsored by: International Chromium Development As
9、sociation (ICDA) International Molybdenum Association (IMOA) International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Nickel Institute Outokumpu Specialty Steel Industry of North America (SSINA) Stainless Structurals LLC Stalatube Steel Institute and Ornamental Metal Institutes of New York (SINY/OMINY)Nancy Baddo
10、o (SCI) prepared the Design Guide with support from Philip Francis (SCI) and Andy Smith (Genivar, Inc., formerly at SCI). A Project Advisory Group made up of representatives of the sponsoring organizations contributed to the development of the work and reviewed the mate-rial in the Guide; it was mad
11、e up of the following people:Cynthia Duncan and Charles Carter (AISC)The American Institute of Steel Construction carries out technical and market-building activities for the steel construction sector.Philippe Richard (ICDA)The International Chromium Development Association seeks to promote and incr
12、ease end-use applications of chromium, an essential alloy in all stainless steels.Kirk Wilson (representing IMOA)The International Molybdenum Association seeks to promote and increase end-use applications of molybdenum, one of the alloying elements in stainless steel.Pascal Payet-Gaspard (ISSF)The I
13、nternational Stainless Steel Forum serves as the world forum on various aspects of the inter-national stainless steel industry.000-0vi_DG27_FM.indd 1 8/7/13 11:24 AMiiGary Coates (Nickel Institute)The Nickel Institute works to develop new markets and support growth in existing markets for nickel, on
14、e of the main alloying elements of stainless steel.Catherine Houska (representing Outokumpu)Outokumpu is one of the worlds leading producers of stainless steel.Dave Wert (representing SSINA)The Specialty Steel Industry of North America is a voluntary trade association representing the producers of s
15、tainless steel and other specialty steels in North America.Mark Remsen (Stainless Structurals LLC)Stainless Structurals manufactures a wide range of hot rolled and laser fused stainless steel sections.Kenneth Sderberg (Stalatube) and Pekka Yrjl (representing Stalatube)Stalatube manufactures stainles
16、s steel rectangular hollow sections.Nancy Baddoo (SCI)The Steel Construction Institute provides technical expertise and disseminates best practice to the steel construction sector.Gary Higbee (SINY)The Steel Institute and Ornamental Metal Institutes of New York support the New York building communit
17、y in developing steel solutions.000-0vi_DG27_FM.indd 2 8/7/13 11:24 AMiiiTABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL? 11.2 APPLICATIONS OF STAINLESS STEELS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY .21.3 SCOPE OF THIS DESIGN GUIDE 7CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS: P
18、ROPERTIES, SELECTION AND DURABILITY . . . . . . . . . . 92.1 BASIC STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR .92.2 SUITABLE STAINLESS STEELS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS .92.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 112.3.1 Standards for Flat and Long Products .112.3.2 Standards for Bolts .112.3.3 Mechanical Properties Used in Design 14
19、2.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .172.5 SELECTION OF MATERIALS182.5.1 Stainless Steel Selection182.5.2 Availability of Product Forms 192.5.3 Life Cycle Costing and Environmental Impact .212.6 DURABILITY .212.6.1 Introduction 212.6.2 Types of Corrosion and Performance of Steel Types 222.6.3 Corrosion in Selec
20、ted Environments 242.6.4 Design for Corrosion Control 25CHAPTER 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . 293.1 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS293.2 DESIGN BASIS 293.2.1 Required Strength 293.2.2 Limit States 293.2.3 Design for Stability .293.2.4 Design for Serviceability and Ponding 303.3 MEMBER PROPERTIES 3
21、03.3.1 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 303.3.2 Gross and Net Area Determination .313.3.3 Compact Sections in Flexure .32CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.1 AUSTENITIC AND DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL TENSION MEMBERS 334.2
22、PRECIPITATION HARDENING STAINLESS STEEL TENSION RODS33CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS .355.2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH .355.3 FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF MEMBERS WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS 355.4 TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKL
23、ING OF MEMBERS WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS 355.5 SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS AND BUILT-UP MEMBERS .365.6 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS .365.6.1 Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs365.6.2 Slender Stiffened Elements, Qa.36CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . 396.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS .396.2 I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS BENT ABOUT THEIR MAJOR OR MINOR AXIS . . .396.3 SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR HSS AND BOX-SHAPED MEMBERS 406.3.1 Yielding 406.3.2 Flange Local Buckling .406.3.3 Web Local Buckling 406.4 ROUND HSS406.5 RECTANGULAR BARS AND ROUNDS
25、 .406.6 UNSYMMETRICAL SHAPES, EXCLUDING SINGLE ANGLES 406.7 DETERMINATION OF DEFLECTION 40CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43CHAPTER 8 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458.1 DOUBLY AND SINGLY SYMMET
26、RIC MEMBERS SUBJECT TO FLEXURE AND AXIAL FORCE 458.1.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Compression 458.1.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Tension .458.2 UNSYMMETRIC AND OTHER MEMBERS SUBJECT TO FLEXURE AND AXIAL FORCE 45000-0vi_DG27_FM.indd 3 8/
27、7/13 11:24 AMivCHAPTER 9 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS . . . . . . 479.1 DURABILITY .479.2 DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS .489.3 DESIGN OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS .499.3.1 General .499.3.2 Pretensioned Bolts .499.3.3 Size and Use of Holes, Spacing and Edge Distance 499.3.4 Tension and Shear Strength of Bolts and T
28、hreaded Parts 499.3.5 Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections 509.3.6 Bearing Strengths at Bolt Holes .509.3.7 Special Fasteners 519.4 AFFECTED ELEMENTS OF MEMBERS AND CONNECTING ELEMENTS .519.5 BEARING STRENGTH 519.6 FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES.51CHAPTER 10 FIRE RESISTA
29、NCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5310.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS .5310.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR FIRE CONDITIONS BY ANALYSIS 5310.2.1 Thermal Elongation.5310.2.2 Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperature5310.2.3 Specific Heat .5310.2.4 Emissivity .5310.3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 5310.3.1 Simple Met
30、hods of Analysis .53CHAPTER 11 FATIGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57CHAPTER 12 FABRICATION AND ERECTION . . 5912.1 INTRODUCTION 5912.2 SAFETY AND HEALTH 5912.3 STORAGE AND HANDLING 5912.4 SHAPING OPERATIONS .6012.4.1 Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6012.4.2 Ho
31、les 6012.5 WELDING .6012.5.1 Introduction 6012.5.2 Processes6112.5.3 Filler Metals .6112.5.4 Welding Distortion .6112.5.5 Metallurgical Considerations.6212.5.6 Post Weld Treatment 6312.5.7 Inspection of Welds .6312.6 INSTALLING STAINLESS STEEL BOLTS .6412.7 GALLING AND SEIZURE 6412.8 FINISHING.64CHA
32、PTER 13 TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6713.1 GENERAL .6713.2 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE DETERMINATION .6713.3 TESTS ON MEMBERS.67APPENDIX A . THE CONTINUOUS STRENGTH METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69A.1 GENERAL .69A.2 MATERIAL MODELLING 69A.3 DEFO
33、RMATION CAPACITY.69A.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 70A.5 FLEXURAL STRENGTH .70APPENDIX B . COMMENTARY TO THE DESIGN RULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71B.1 INTRODUCTION 71B.1.1 Purpose of the Commentary .71B.1.2 How Does the Structural Performance of Stainless Steel Diff
34、er from Carbon Steel?.71B.1.3 Design Specifications for Structural Stainless Steel 71B.1.4 Scope of the Design Guide 71B.2 DETERMINATION OF STAINLESS STEEL RESISTANCE FACTORS .72B.2.1 Probabilistic Basis and Reliability Index 72B.2.2 Load and Load Effects .72B.2.3 Resistance .73B.2.4 Determination o
35、f Resistance Factor 74B.2.5 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels 75B.3 SECTION CLASSIFICATION 75B.3.1 Eurocode 3 Methodology for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel75B.3.2 The AISC Specification Methodology for Carbon Steel .75B.3.3 Recommendations for the AISC Design Guide 75B.3.4 Determination of
36、 Resistance Factor 75B.4 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION.77B.4.1 Determination of Resistance Factor 77B.5 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION .77B.5.1 Flexural Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements 77B.5.2 Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements 82B.5.3 Singl
37、e Angle Compression Members and Built-Up Members .82B.5.4 Members with Slender Elements 83000-0vi_DG27_FM.indd 4 8/7/13 11:24 AMvB.6 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE 88B.6.1 Laterally Restrained Members 88B.6.2 Laterally Unrestrained Members (Lateral Torsional Buckling).91B.6.3 Determination of Deflect
38、ion .93B.7 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR 94B.7.1 Eurocode 3 Methodology for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel94B.7.2 The AISC Specification Methodology for Carbon Steel .95B.7.3 Recommendations for the AISC Design Guide 96B.7.4 Determination of Resistance Factor 97B.8 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FOR
39、CES.97B.8.1 Eurocode 3 Methodology for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel97B.8.2 The AISC Specification Methodology for Carbon Steel .98B.8.3 Recommendations for the AISC Design Guide 98B.8.4 Determination of Resistance Factor 99B.9 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS 99B.9.1 Design of Welded Connections .99B.9.2 D
40、esign of Bolted Connections 99B.9.3 Affected Elements of Members and Connecting Elements.102B.9.4 Bearing Strength102B.9.5 Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces .102B.10 STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR FIRE CONDITIONS 103B.10.1 Mechanical and Thermal Properties at Elevated Temperatures 103B.10.2 Compressi
41、on Members103B.10.3 Flexural Members .106B.11 CONTINUOUS STRENGTH METHOD.112B.11.1 Determination of Resistance Factors for Continuous Strength Method (Compression Members) 112B.11.2 Determination of Resistance Factors for Continuous Strength Method (Flexural Members) 112DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION . . . 149000-0vi_DG27_FM.indd 5 8/7/13 11:24 AMvi000-0vi_DG27_FM.indd 6
43、 8/7/13 11:24 AMAISC DESIGN GUIDE 27/ STRUCTURAL STAINLESS STEEL / 1Chapter 1 Introductionperformance can be further enhanced by higher levels of chromium and additions of molybdenum and nitrogen.Ferritic stainless steelsThe chromium content of the most popular ferritic stainless steels is between 1
44、0.5% and 18%. Ferritic stainless steels contain either no or very small nickel additions and their body-centered atomic structure is the same as that of struc-tural carbon steels. They are generally less ductile, less form-able and less weldable than austenitic stainless steels. They can be strength
45、ened by cold working, but to a more limited degree than the austenitic stainless steels. Like the austenit-ics, they cannot be strengthened by heat treatment and can be used in a broad range of corrosive environments. They have good resistance to stress corrosion cracking and their corrosion perform
46、ance can be further enhanced by additions of molybdenum.Duplex stainless steelsDuplex stainless steels have a mixed microstructure of aus-tenite and ferrite, and so are sometimes called austenitic-ferritic steels. They typically contain 20 to 26% chromium, 1 to 8% nickel, 0.05 to 5% molybdenum, and
47、0.05 to 0.3% nitrogen. They provide higher strength levels than austenitic steels and are suitable for a broad range of corrosive environ-ments. Although duplex stainless steels have good ductility, their higher strength results in more restricted formability compared to the austenitics. They can al
48、so be strengthened by cold working, but not by heat treatment. They have good weldability and good resistance to stress corrosion cracking.Martensitic stainless steelsMartensitic stainless steels have a similar body-centered cubic structure as ferritic stainless steel and structural car-bon steels,
49、but due to their higher carbon content, they can be strengthened by heat treatment. Martensitic stainless steels are generally used in a hardened and tempered condition, which gives them high strength and provides moderate cor-rosion resistance. They are used for applications that take advantage of their wear and abrasion resistance and hard-ness, like cutlery, surgical instruments, industrial knives, wear plates and turbine blades. They are less ductile and more notch sensitive than the ferritic, austenitic and duplex stainless steels. Although most martensit
