1、Flash Fire Risk Assessment for the Upstream Oil and Gas IndustryAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 99FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2014Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be review
2、ed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of theinformation contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility
3、 for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.Work sites and equipment o
4、perations may differ. Users are solely responsible for assessing their specific equipmentand premises in determining the appropriateness of applying the recommended practice. At all times users shouldemploy sound business, scientific, engineering, and judgment safety when using this recommended prac
5、tice.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby express
6、ly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingprac
7、tices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any man
8、ufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API
9、standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Servi
10、ces, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2014 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters pat
11、ent. Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this specification are as follows: the term “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to th
12、e specification; the term “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to thespecification; the term “may” is used to express permission or a provision that is optional; the term “can” is used to express possibility or capability.This document was p
13、roduced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning theinterpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under wh
14、ichthis publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American PetroleumInstitute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any partof the material published herein should also be addressed to the direct
15、or.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-timeextension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from theAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of AP
16、I publications and materials is publishedannually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . 11.2 Conditions of Applicability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . 12.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Flash Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Risk of Injury due to Flash Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3 Class I Division 1 and Division 2 Locations; Flammable Vap
22、or Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Hazard Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Hazard Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.3 Simultaneous Operations
24、(SimOps) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 Loss of Containment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Risk Asses
25、sment Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . 55.2 Example Risk Assessment Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.3 Flash Fire Risk Assessment Worksheets and Coversheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. 65.4 Illustrated Risk Assessment for Oil and Gas Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . 66.1 Layers of Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 Hierarchy of Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 FRC Selection Based on Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 General FRC Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Annex A (informative) Examples of API 500 Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Annex B (informative) Bowtie Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Annex C (informative) Flash Fire Risk Assessment Coversheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Annex D (informative) Flash Fire Risk Assessment Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . 19Annex E (informative) Example Flash Fire Risk Assessment Coversheets and Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Annex F (informative) FRC Use Decision Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Bibliograp
33、hy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Figures1 Risk of Flash Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Hierarchy of Controls Illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A.1 Hydrocarbon Pressure Vessel or Protected Fired Vessel in a Nonenclosed Adequately Ventilated Area. .
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10A.2 Ball or Pig Launching or Receiving Installation in a Nonenclosed Adequately Ventilated Area . . . . . . . 11vContentsPageA.3 Flammable Gas-blanketed a
36、nd Produced Water-handling Equipment in a Nonenclosed Adequately Vented Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11A.4 Compressor or Pump in an Adequately Ventilated Nonenclosed Area . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12A.5 Drilling Rig Derrick Fully Enclosed (Open Top). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12A.6 Drilling Rig Open Substructure and Semi-enclosed Derrick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . 13B.1 Example FRC Bowtie Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14B.2 Flash Fire Bowtie Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15C.1 Flash Fire Risk Assessment Coversheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18D.1 Flash Fire Risk Assessment Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . 20E.1 Example Drilling Flash Fire Risk Assessment Coversheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22E.2 Example Drilling Flash Fire Risk Assessment Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23E.3 Ex
41、ample Gas Processing/Midstream Flash Fire Risk Assessment Coversheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24E.4 Example Gas Processing/Midstream Flash Fire Risk Assessment Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25E.5 Example Completions Flash Fire Risk Assessment Worksheet . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26E.6 Example Production Operations Flash Fire Risk Assessment Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27E.7 Example Drilling Flash Fire Risk Assessment Worksheet with Special Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28F.1
43、FRC Use Decision Tree Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29TableB.1 Flash Fire Engineering and Administrative Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15vi1 F
44、lash Fire Risk Assessment for the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry 1 Scope 1.1 General This recommended practice (RP) provides guidance for the upstream oil and gas industry on hazard identification and risk assessment exercises to assess and mitigate the risk of human injury caused by exposure to a fl
45、ash fire. The scope of this document is limited to personnel exposed to the risk of hydrocarbon based flash fires in the upstream Exploration and Production sector of the oil and gas industry. In general, this group includes oil and gas production, drilling, well bore (well servicing) operations, an
46、d gas processing prior to interstate pipeline transportation. 1.2 Conditions of Applicability This RP focuses on flash fires that result from the unexpected ignition of hydrocarbon vapors. Emergency preparedness (e.g. firefighting, hazmat response) for exposure to fire event greater than a flash fir
47、e is excluded from this RP and is addressed by NFPA and other standards organizations. Arc flash, as discussed in NFPA 70E and its other related standards, are outside the scope of this document. Maintenance, care, and limitation of various fire resistant clothing (FRC) materials are outside the sco
48、pe of this document. These items are addressed by the manufacturer and clothing-related standards. 2 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 2.1 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply. 2.1.1 Class I, Division 1 location A location in which ig
49、nitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors are expected to exist under normal operating conditions or in which faulty operation of equipment or processes might simultaneously release flammable gases or vapors and also cause failure of electrical equipment. 2.1.2 Class I, Division 2 location A location in which flammable gases or vapors may be present but normally are confined within closed systems; are prevented from accumulating by adequate ventilation; or the location is adjacent to a Division 1 location from which ignitable concentrations might occasionally be communicated
