1、Technical Report on Temperatures for API Cement Operating Thickening Time Tests 1993 Report from the API Task Group on Cementing Temperature SchedulesAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 10TR3FIRST EDITION, MAY 1999REAFFIRMED, MAY 2005Technical Report on Temperatures for API Cement Operating Thickening Time Tests 1
2、993 Report from the API Task Group on Cementing Temperature SchedulesUpstream DepartmentAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 10TR3FIRST EDITION, MAY 1999REAFFIRMED, MAY 2005SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and fe
3、deral laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local,
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6、letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reafrmed, or withdrawn at least everyve years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect ve years after its publication date as anoperative API st
7、andard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the APIUpstream Segment telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quar-terly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C
8、. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notication and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concernin
9、g the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the general manager of the Upstream Segment, AmericanPetroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permissionto reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published h
10、erein should also beaddressed to the general manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these st
11、andards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying wi
12、th all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic,
13、mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 1999 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThe American Petroleum Institute (API) Committee 10 (
14、now Subcommittee 10) formed aTask Group in the mid-1980s charged with updating the squeeze-cementing well-simulationtest schedules in API Spec 10 (now API Specications 10A and RP 10B) using a large col-lection of new temperature data. Temperatures in the squeeze schedules had not beenupdated since 1
15、953. The collection of new temperature data was the largest ever available forconsideration in developing temperature correlations for cementing test schedules. Eventu-ally, the scope of the Task Groups work expanded to update all the well-simulation testschedules using the new temperature data. The
16、 potential benet to the industry was great.One goal of the Task Group was to develop the most accurate temperature correlationsfrom the data. Several methods of developing correlations from data were investigated. Rig-orous and thorough analysis of the data was required and eventually completed. Fin
17、ally, acorrelation was developed using statistical regression techniques that provided the lowesterror based on the data.The correlation predicted temperatures that were higher than any previous temperatures inwell-simulation test schedules at depths shallower than about 10,000 feet. This was alarmi
18、ngto users of the test schedules since each set of schedules had been used for about 20 yearswithout evidence of widespread problems with the predicted temperatures.The new temperature data was scrutinized once more. The correlation methods and resultswere reviewed. Previous temperature data sets an
19、d the correlations developed from themwere investigated. All of this was done to:1. Understand the representative range of data contained in each set of data. 2. Determine and understand the methods used to develop the correlations. 3. Compare previous methods to the methods selected by this Task Gr
20、oup and criticallyevaluate each. 4. Select the best methods for development of correlations from the new temperaturedata.Results of this entire effort are summarized in this report. It is our desire to improveunderstanding about how temperature correlations used in API well-simulation test sched-ule
21、s were developed. Each data set used to develop correlations was not representative of allcementing operations. Even the most precise correlations developed from the data may notreect true cementing temperatures. Therefore, each correlation has limitations on the accu-racy of predicted temperatures
22、for a specic cementing operation. However, we rmlybelieve that the temperature correlations prepared by us and those before us are of value tothe industry.Finally, this document has been prepared to leave a clear understanding of the data, analy-sis, and methods upon which the recommendations made a
23、nd adopted by API Committee 10in June 1991 are based. We leave this document as a tool to assist those who may performsimilar work in the future.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data con
24、tained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with wh
25、ich thispublication may conict.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 History of API Thickening Time Test Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Measurement an
26、d Collection of Temperature Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 198491 API Task Group on Cementing Temperature Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 DEFINI
27、TIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 TEMPERATURE DATA SETS USED TO DEVELOP CORRELATIONS FOR WELL SIMULATION TEST SCHEDULES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 General Information Ab
28、out Each Temperature Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 General Comparison of 1974 Data Set and the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 Re-analysis of the 1974 Data Set and Temperature Correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.4 Discussion of Concerns About the 1984 Data
29、Set and Temperature Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 197484 COMBINED MASTER DATA SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1 Updated Temperatures for Well Simulation Test Schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . 135.2 Proposed Updated Temperature Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14APPENDIX A 1948 Data Set (Farris Data) . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27APPENDIX B 1953 Squeeze Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29APPENDIX C 196974 Data Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31APPENDIX D 1974 Data Set
32、(41 Data Points) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37APPENDIX E 1984 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39APPENDIX F List of Drilling Fluid Temperature Data from the 1984 Data Set . . . . . . 45APPENDIX G
33、 197484 Combined Master Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49APPENDIX H Eleven Subsets From 197484 Combined Master Data Set . . . . . . . . . . 55APPENDIX I List of Data and Correlation Equations Used to Develop Proposed Updates for Casing and Squeeze-Cementing Temperat
34、ures . . 75Figures1 Illustration of Temperature Prole Recorded by the TemperatureMeasuring Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Drilling Fluid Type Distribution for the 1984 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
35、3 Static Time Distribution for Water Base Muds in the 1974 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . 794 Static Time Distribution for All Data in the 1984 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 Static Time Distribution for Water Base Muds in the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . 816 Static Time Distr
36、ibution for Oil Base Muds in the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Comparison of API Code 32 Casing-Cementing Temperatureswith Predicted Temperatures from a Correlation Developed from the 1984 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . 838 Comparison of API RP 10B Squeeze-Cementing Temperatureswith Predicted Temperatures from a Correlation Developedfrom the 1953 Squeeze Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84v CONTENTSPage9 Plot of Initial Mud Inlet Temperatures versus Depth forA
38、ll Mud Types in the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8510 Plot of Final Mud Inlet Temperatures versus Depth forAll Mud Types in the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8611 Plot of Initial Mud Outlet
39、 Temperatures versus Depth for All Mud Types in the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8712 Plot of Final Mud Outlet Temperatures versus Depth forAll Mud Types in the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. 8813 Plot of Initial and Final Mud Inlet Temperatures versus Depth forAll Mud Types in the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8914 Plot of Initial and Final Mud Outlet Temperatures versusDepth for All Mud Types in the 1984 Data Set . . . . . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9015 Illustration of Temperature Prole Recorded by the TemperatureMeasuring Device Showing How Squeeze TemperatureInformation was Collected in the 1984 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9116 Comparison of Casing and Squeeze Temperature
42、s withDepth for Proposed Updated Temperature Schedules0.9F/100 ft Temperature Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9217 Comparison of Casing and Squeeze Temperatureswith Depth for Proposed Updated Temperature Schedules1.1F/100 ftTempe
43、rature Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9318 Comparison of Casing and Squeeze Temperatureswith Depth for Proposed Updated Temperature Schedules1.3F/100 ftTemperature Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9419 Comparison of Casing and Squeeze Temperatureswith Depth for Proposed Updated Temperature Schedules1.5F/100 ft Temperature Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9520 Comparison of Casing and S
45、queeze Temperatureswith Depth for Proposed Updated Temperature Schedules1.7F/100 ftTemperature Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9621 Comparison of Casing and Squeeze Temperatureswith Depth for Proposed Updated Temperature Schedule
46、s1.9F/100 ftTemperature Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Tables 1 General Characteristics of 1974 Data Set Used to Prepare API Spec 10, 5th Edition, Temperature Schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Gene
47、ral Characteristics of the 1984 Data Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Comparison of Predicted Casing-Cementing Temperaturesfrom Correlations Developed from the 1948, 1974 and 1984 Data Sets . . . . . . . . 174 Comparison of Predicted Squeeze-Cementing Temperatures fro
48、m Correlations Developed from the 1953 Squeeze and 1984 Data Sets. . . . . . 185 Predicted Casing-Cementing Temperatures from Correlations Developed from Re-Analysis of the 1974 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 General Characteristics of the 197484 Allmuds3 Subset. . . .
49、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Comparison of Predicted Casing and Squeeze-Cementing Temperatures from Correlations Developed from the 197484 Allmuds3 Subset and 1984 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22viCONTENTSPage8 Comparison of API Spec 10, 5th Edition, Well-SimulationCasing-Cementing Temperatures with Predicted Temperaturesfrom the Correlation Developed from the 197484 Allmuds3 Subset. . . . . . . . . . 249 Comparison of API Spec 10, 5th Edition, Squeeze-CementingWell-Simulation Temperatu
