1、1900 Wayne Avenue, Suite I i00 Silver Spring, Maryland 2091 O Telephone 301 /587-8202 Approved As September 25, 1987 AIIM MS39 A7 W LOL234 0000334 7 W ANSIIAIIM MS39-1987 Standard for Information and Image Management - Recommended Practice for Operational Procedures, Quality Control and Inspection o
2、f Graphic Computer- Output Microforms _- Association for Information and Image Management This document describes operationai and quality control guidelines for graphic computer-output microfilm (COM) recorders and microforms using black and white film as well as duplicates made from such films. It
3、covers graphic COM recorders which have the capability of producing both alphanumeric images and graphic images such as those used for the output of engineering drawings and cartography. AIIM MS3 87 = i012348 0000335 9 nble of Contents Foreword .i 1. Scope . 1 2. References . 1 2.1 American Nafional
4、 Standards 1 2.2 Related Standards 1 3. Definitions. 1 4. Microfilm Qpes . .2 4.1 Silver-gelatin Film .2 4.2 Thermaliy Processed Silver Film. . .2 4.3 Dim Film. . .2 4.4 Vesicular Film 3 5. Film Processing. . .3 5.1 Silver-gelatin Film Processors. .3 5.2 Process Control . 3 5.3 Silver-gelatin Film P
5、rocessing. .5 5.4 Conventional Film Processing. .5 5.5 Reversal Processing . .5 6. Permanence of Microforms . 5 6.1 Archival Microforms: Records for Permanent 6.2 Long-term Microforms. .6 6.3 Medium-term Microforms .6 6.4 Diazo Duplicating Films . .6 6.5 Thermally Processed Silver Microforms . 6 6.6
6、 Vesicular Microfilm . .6 7. Graphic COM Quality Test Frames. . ,6 7.1 Using the Test Frames . .6 7.2 Reference Sample . -6 7.3 Routine Testing. .6 7.4 Tests for Frame Size, Linearity, Rectangularity, Orthogonality, Line Straightness and Uniformity of Line Width 7 7.5 Resolution Test . .9 7.6 Radial
7、 Recording Check 10 7.7 Test Frame for Measuring COM Recorder Intensity and Focus on a Daily Basis 10 8. Microfilm Density 11 8.1 General 11 8.2 Density of First-generation Film (COM Camera Film)., . i2 9. Density of Distribution Copies. .14 9.1 Negative-appearing (2N) Vesicular Film. 14 9.2 Negativ
8、e-appearing (2N, 3N, etc.) Diazo Film14 9.3 Positive-appearing (2P, 3P, etc.) Film . 14 10. Resolution. .14 10.1 General. . .14 10.2 Requirements . ,14 ll. Reproducibility . .14 12. Printability Test .14 13. Storing Microfilm . 14 Storage., . .5 Appendix A, Test Frame for Measuring Image Centering a
9、nd Camera Rotation 16 Appendix B, Test Frame for Measuring Image Frame Size 17 Appendix C, Test Frame for Measuring Spot Size and Intensity ,18 Appendix D, Test Frame for Measuring Camera Settling . 18 Appendix E, Test Frame for Measuring Character Appendix F, Test Frame for Displaying the Character
10、 Appendix G, Test Frame for Measuring Circle Appendix H, Test Frame for Measuring Character sizes . .E9 Set . 20 Quali ty, 21 Display and Rotation . .22 FIGURES Figure 1, COM generation terminology .2 4 Figure 3, Formula for determining standard deviation . 4 Figure 4, Linearity, rectangularity, ort
11、hogonality, line straightness, and uniformity of line width. .7 Figure 5, Resolution test . 9 Figure 6, Radial pairs of vectors 10 Figure 7, Intensity and focus check 11 Figure B1, Test frame for measuring image frame Figure C1, Test frame for measuring spot size and Figure D1, Test frame for measur
12、ing camera Figure El, Test frame for measuring character Figure Fl, Test frame for displaying character Figure G1, Test frame for measuring circle Figure H1, Test frame for measuring character Figure 2, Film processor control log Figure Al, Image centering test frame . i6 size 17 intensity 18 settli
13、ng . 19 sizes . 20 set . 20 quality. .21 display and rotation. . .22 TABLES Bble 1, Summary of acceptable density levels . 13 Table 2, Resolution values at three quality levels . 15 Foreword (This foreword is not part of the American National Stan- dard for Information and Image Management - Recom-
14、mended Practice for Operational Procedures, Quality Con- trol and Inspection of Graphic Computer-Output Micro- This document is a companion to ANSUAIIM MS1-1988. Whereas ANSI/AIIM MS1-1988 covers alpha- numeric COM quality, this document describes stan- dards for graphic COM quality. Graphic COM equ
15、ipment is used in scientific, engineering, architectural and car- tographic applications. Evaluating graphic COM image quality is a complex task, because there are a large number of out-of- specification conditions which can occur in a graphic COM recorder that are not possible or not visible in eit
16、her a source document system or an alphanumeric COM recorder, Whereas evaluation of an alphanumeric COM recorder can be accomplished using a form slide as the reference, evaluation of a graphic COM recorder is more forms, ANSVAIIM MS39-1987). i AIIM MS3 87 LOI12348 0000336 O difficult. The precision
17、 of recording in graphic COM is generally much higher than that obtained with alpha- numeric COM and many graphic COM recorders have no provision for a form slide. In these cases, it is necessary that all measurements be made on inages recorded from the dynamic image generator, usually a cathode ray
18、 tube. If the recorder is equipped for the use of form slides, then the form slide can be recorded. If measurements of this image meet the requirements, then the form slide may be used as a reference. Suggestions for improvement of this standard are welcome and should be sent to the Chairman, AUM St
19、an- dards Board, Association for Information and Image Management, il00 Wayne Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910. At the time this standard was approved, the AIIM Standards Board had the following members: Marilyn Courtot, Chairman Thomas C. Bagg Thomas E. Berney Joseph Comiskey William E. Neale
20、Henry C. Frey Delmar Johnson The COM Quality and Control Standards Commit- tee, C4, had the following members at the time it drafted and approved the standard: Paul R. Law Alan S. Linden Marcus H. Phillips Organization DatagraphiX Inc. Bell and Howell Computer Microfilm International Corp. Dicomed C
21、orporation Eastman Kodak Company IBM Corporation Information International National Bureau of NCR Micrographics Northern Micrographics Ozalid Corporation Photographic Sciences, 3M Company Westinghouse Electric Xidex Corporation Inc. Standards Systems Inc. Inc. corp. Representative Sherman Boyd, Chai
22、rman John Scarbrough Crawford Reed John Grimaldi I. Frank Rosati Joseph Comiskey Richard Gershbock Thomas Bagg Siegfried Mohr C. Daniel Gelatt David Jefferson Donna Keller Al Rouhan Gerald Clarke John Weaver AIIM MS39 87 I LO12348 0000337 2 = American National Standard for Infor- mation and Image Ma
23、nagement- Recommended Practice for Operational Procedures, Qualify Control and In- spection of Graphic Computer-Output Microforms, ANSI/AIIM MS39-1987 1. scope This document describes operational and quality con- trol guidelines for graphic computer-output microfilm (COM) recorders and microforms us
24、ing black and white film as well as duplicates made from such films. It covers graphic COM recorders which have the capability of pro- ducing both alphanumeric images and graphic images such as those used for the output of engineering drawings and cartography. This recommended practice covers microf
25、orms con- taining data generated by dynamic energy sources such as cathode-ray tubes, electron beam generators and lasers, with effective reductions up to and including 1:48, as well as duplicates made from such film. Subjects covered include: (1) A series of test frames which allow a user to make b
26、oth routine checks without expensive diagnostic equip- ment, and initial selectionacceptance tests using a mic- rodensitometer and traveling or toolmakers microscope (2) The microfilms (3) Film processing, storage and density practices 2, References 2.1 American National Standards ANSI IT9.1-1988, A
27、merican National Standard for Imag- ing Media (Film) - Silver-Gelatin Type - Specifications for Stability. ANSI IT9.5-1988, American National Standard for Imag- ing Media (Film)-Ammonia Processed Diazo Films- Specifications for Stability. ANSUAIIM MS1-1988, American National Standard for Information
28、 and Image Management - Practice for Opera- tional Practices/Inspection and Quality Control for Alphanumeric Computer-Output Microforms. ANSI/AIIM MS23-1983, American National Standard for Information and Image Management - Practice for Opera- tional Procedureshspection and Quality Control of First-
29、 Generation, Silver-Gelatin Microfilm of Documents. ANSI PH1.43-1985, American National Standard for Photography (Film) - Practice for Processed Safety Photographic Film - Storage. ANSI PHl.53-1986, American National Standard for Photography (Processing) - Processed Films, Plates, and Papers - Filin
30、g Enclosures and Containers for Storage. ANSI PHl.67-1985, American National Standard for Photography (Film) - Processed Vesicular Films - Specifications for Stability. ANSI PH4.8-1985, American National Standard for Photography (Chemicals) - Determination and Measure- ment of Residual Thiosulfate a
31、nd Other Chemicals in Films, Plates, and Papers. ANSVISO 5/2-1985, ANSI PH2.19-1986, American Na- tional Standard for Photography - Density Measurements - Part 2 Geometric Conditions for Transmission Density- ANSVISO 33344979, American National Standard for Microcopying - IS0 Test Chart No. 2 - Desc
32、ription and Use in Photographic Documentary Reproduction. 2.2 Related Standards AIIM TR2-1980, Association for Information and Image Management Technical Report - Glossary of Micro- graphics. Association for Information and Image Manage- ment, U00 Wayne Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910. 3. Definition
33、s Other definitions pertaining to this document can be found in the Glossary of Micrographics, AM TR2-1980. Barrel distortion. In an image recorded on film by a COM recorder, a deviation in the linearity of the recorded im- age from an “ideal” image, wherein two opposing sides of a rectangular figur
34、e bow outward from the center of the image. Cathetometer. A measuring device where the object to be examined is placed on a fixed stage over which a mic- roscope, mounted on a moving mechanism, may traverse the object by the manipulation of micrometer lead screws. Also referred to as a traveling mic
35、roscope. Curvature distortion. In an image recorded on film by a COM recorder, a deviation in the lindty of the record- ed image from an ideal image, where two opposing sides of a rectangular figure are bowed in the same direction. Line straightness. A measure of the deviation of a record- ed line f
36、rom an ideal straight line connecting the same end points. Orthogonaiity. A measure of how close to 90 degrees a nominally 90 degree angie really is. If a rectangular figure is drawn with opposite sides of equal length, orthogonali- ty can be measured by comparing the lengths of the diagonal lines c
37、onnecting the corners. For the figure to be orthogonal, the diagonal line lengths must be equal. Pincushion distortion. In an image recorded on film by a COM recorder, a deviation in the linearity of the record- ed image from an ideal image, where the lines forming opposing sides of a rectangular fi
38、gure bow toward the center of the image. Although the diagonal measures in a pincushioned figure may be equal, the distance across the . figure, in either axis, will differ from the edge of the figure to the center. Rectangularity. A measure of the equality of the lengths of opposite sides of a rect
39、angle and the correctness of the angles. With perfect rectangularity, the opposite sides will be of exactly equal length and the angles will be exactly 90 degrees. Rectangularity problems on COM film are 1 AIIM MS3 87 m often caused by electronics in need of adjustment. Toolmaker?s microscope. A mea
40、suring device where a microscope is fixed-mounted over a viewing stage which may be traversed by the manipulation of micrometer lead screws. The object to be examined is placed on the view- ing stage and fastened down, typically by placing a sheet of glass over the object. Trapezoid distortion. In a
41、n image recorded on film by a COM recorder, a deviation in the rectangularity of the recorded image from an ideal image, where two oppos- ing sides of a rectangular figure are of unequal length although parallel. Traveling microscope. See Cathetometer. 4. Microfilm Types The most commoniy used first
42、-generation microfilms are silver-gelatin film and thermally processed silver film. Duplicating films are diazo, vesicular, and silver-gelatin. See Figure 1 for COM-generation terminology. Microfilm generally consists of a photosensitive emul- sion coated onto a flexible base material which may be e
43、ither acetate or polyester. The base may range in thickness from 0.06 to 0.18 mm (0.0024 to O.OCn0 inch). The thin- ner base (0.06 mm) is used primarily in roll film systems, including cassettes and cartridges, while the thicker base (0.18 mm) is commonly used for sheet film as microfiche. 4.1 Silve
44、r-gelatin Film. Silver-gelatin film, which is similar in many respects to black-and-white film used in conventional photography, is characterized by high light sensitivity and the use of wet processing. Depending on the processing method, silver-gelatin film may yield either a positive-appearing (ip
45、) or negative-appearing (lN) im- age. Direct image COM film produces a negative- appearing image with conventional processing. Silver-gelatin films have sufficient resolution to yield high quality images up to and including 1:48 effective camera film LOI12348 0000338 4 m reduction, with the appropri
46、ate density and contrast, when properly exposed and processed. They are suitable for pro- ducing high quality duplicates. Silver-gelatin print and duplicating films may be used to make duplicate microforms. 4.2 Thermally Processed Silver Film. Thermally pro- cessed silver film is less sensitive to l
47、ight than the silver- gelatin film normally used in COM recording, but it shows significantly greater light sensitivity than diazo or vesicular films. After exposure, the film is developed by applica- tion of heat for a few seconds. Thermally processed COM silver films produce positive-appearing ima
48、ges with suf- ficient resolution and contrast to yield high quality im- ages at reductions up to 1:48 and are adequate for pro- ducing high quality duplicates. 4.3 Diazo Film. Diazo microfilm is used for making dup- licate microforms. The film is exposed by contact print- ing, using high intensity u
49、ltraviolet radiation such as that obtained with mercury, metal halide mercury, or xenon flash lamps. Because of its low sensitivity to visible light, diazo film may be handled in normal room light for short periods (such as when loading it into a duplicator) without affecting the image properties. Diam films are direct image duplicating films and maintain polarity. A negative-appearing master (1N) pro- duces a negative-appearing diazo duplicate (2N). Develop- ment usually occurs by passing the film through a heated chamber containing aqueous ammonia or by subjecting it to anhydrous
