1、Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Viscous Properties of Completion FluidsANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13MFIRST EDITION, JULY 2004REAFFIRMED, OCTOBER 2010ISO 13503-1:2003 (Identical), Petroleum and natural gas industriesCompletion of fluids and materialsPart 1: Measurement of viscous prope
2、rties of completion fluidsSpecial Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers
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13、g, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright 2004 American Petroleum Institute API Recommended Practice 13M / ISO 13503-1iThese materials are subject to copyrigh
14、t claims of ISO, ANSI and API.API Foreword This standard replaces API Recommended Practice RP 39 Recommended Practices on Measuring the Viscous Properties of Cross-linked Water-based Fracturing Fluids, 3rdEdition, May 1998. This standard shall become effective on the date printed on the cover but ma
15、y be used voluntarily from the date of distribution. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in c
16、onnection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Standards referenced herein may be replaced by other
17、international or national standards that can be shown to meet or exceed the requirements of the referenced standard. In this American National standard, editorial changes have been made and are listed in Annex A. The modifications have not been changed in the body of this standard, but are noted by
18、an arrow () in the margin for reference to Annex A. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the API, Standards Department, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, or by email to standardsapi.org. This American National Standard is under the jurisdiction of the API Subcommittee 13
19、, Drilling and Completion Fluids. This standard is considered identical to the English version of ISO 13503-1. ISO 13503-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC3, Drilling and completion f
20、luids, and well cement. API Recommended Practice 13M / ISO 13503-1ii Contents Page API Foreword ii Foreword . iv Introduction . v 1 Scope . 1 2 Terms and definitions 1 3 Abbreviated terms 2 4 Measurement and precision . 2 5 Fluid preparation 2 6 Fluid preparation using shear-history simulation (opti
21、onal) 3 6.1 General 3 6.2 Requirements for proper shear-history simulation 3 6.3 Conditions for sample delivery 3 6.4 Conditions for standard shear-history simulation . 3 6.5 Operational considerations 4 7 Instrument calibration . 5 8 Measurement procedures . 5 8.1 General 5 8.2 Non-crosslinked flui
22、ds (see 2.6) . 5 8.3 Viscoelastic fluids 10 9 Calculation procedures . 11 9.1 General concepts 11 9.2 Brief review of geometry-independent rheology vs. nominal rheology . 12 9.3 Limitations/problems that may produce erroneous results 13 9.4 Calculation method for concentric-cylinder viscometers . 13
23、 9.5 Bingham plastic parameters for completion fluids 16 9.6 Calculations for optional shear-history simulation 16 10 Test report 17 Annex A (informative) National adoption editorial changes . 20 Bibliography 21 API Recommended Practice 13M / ISO 13503-1iii ISO 13503-1:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights
24、 reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
25、which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on al
26、l matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
27、circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held res
28、ponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 13503-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids, and well cements. ISO 13503 cons
29、ists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials: Part 1: Measurement of viscous properties of completion fluids The following part is under preparation: Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic fracturi
30、ng and gravel-packing operations API Recommended Practice 13M / ISO 13503-1ivISO 13503-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved vIntroduction For the purpose of this part of ISO 13503, completion fluids are defined as viscosified treating fluids used during the completion or workover of a petroleum- o
31、r natural gas-producing well. The objective of this part of ISO 13503 is to provide a standard procedure for measuring the viscous properties of single-phase, non-particulate-laden completion fluids. These fluids are viscosified brines, gravel-pack carrier fluids, and fracturing fluids. These fluids
32、 can be either crosslinked or non-crosslinked (aqueous, hydrocarbon- or acid-based). An optional shear-history simulation procedure is provided for fluids that are potentially shear-sensitive. This procedure is designed to simulate the shearing effects experienced by a fluid in surface apparatus and
33、 during the time it is being conveyed down the welbore. Shear-history simulation is most often used during the development of new fracturing fluids to characterize their sensitivity to shear. These standard procedures were compiled on the basis of several years of comparative testing, debate, discus
34、sion, and continued research by the industry. This standard procedure is largely based on API RP 39, third edition, May 1998 1. In this part of ISO 13503, where practical, U.S. Customary units are included in parentheses for convenience. API Recommended Practice 13M / ISO 13503-1vINTERNATIONAL STAND
35、ARD ISO 13503-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials Part 1: Measurement of viscous properties of completion fluids 1 Scope This part of ISO 13503 provides consistent methodology for determining the viscosity of completion fluids
36、used in the petroleum and natural gas industries. For certain cases, methods are also provided to determine the rheological properties of a fluid. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 bob fixed inner cylinder of a concentric-cylind
37、er viscometer 2.2 completion fluid any fluid used during the completion phase of a well 2.3 concentric-cylinder viscometer rotational viscometer that consists of a concentric-cylindrical bob and a cylindrical rotor 2.4 elasticity capability of a material to regain its original shape and condition up
38、on removal of an acting stress 2.5 laminar flow flow property of fluids in which all layers of the fluid move parallel to each other and no material is transferred between layers 2.6 non-crosslinked fluid linear, polymer-viscosified solution or any fluid that does not exhibit significant elasticity
39、leading to the Weissenberg effect (“bob climbing”) 2.7 rheology science of the deformation and flow of matter API Recommended Practice 13M / ISO 13503-11ISO 13503-1:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved2.8 shear history sequence of shear rates and temperatures applied to fluids prior to and during
40、measurements 2.9 shear-history simulator apparatus used to simulate shear history in a fluid 2.10 shear rate rate at which one particle of fluid is sliding by another particle divided by the distance between those particles 2.11 shear stress force required to sustain fluid flow 2.12 viscoelastic flu
41、id crosslinked polymer solution or other fluid that exhibits significant elasticity, leading to the Weissenberg effect (bob climbing) 2.13 viscosity measure of the internal friction of a fluid when caused to flow by an external force 3 Abbreviated terms r/min revolutions per minute pH negative logar
42、ithm (to the base 10) of hydrogen ion concentration ASTM American Society for Testing Materials DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung 4 Measurement and precision Temperatures shall be measured to an accuracy of 1 C ( 2 F); pH shall be measured to an accuracy of 0,1 units. All other quantitative measurem
43、ents shall be made to an accuracy of 2 %, unless specified otherwise. 5 Fluid preparation Certain aspects of sample preparation and handling can affect the viscosity or rheological properties of a fluid. During all procedures, steps shall be taken to minimize entraining air into the fluid. Following
44、 preparation, all fluids, except those intended to be used as fracturing fluids, shall be filtered through a filter of pore diameter 2 m. Minimize the entrainment of air during the filtration process. The procedure used to prepare the fluid sample shall be documented including the following informat
45、ion: a) description and/or composition of the base fluid. Preparation of the fluid shall be described, starting with the fluid source, such as deionized water, tap water, seawater (location), or type of oil; b) identification of mixing apparatus, container volume, and total volume of fluid prepared;
46、 c) identification of each fluid component and amount added; d) the order and method of addition of each component; API Recommended Practice 13M / ISO 13503-12ISO 13503-1:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3e) mixing speeds, with time at each speed; f) ageing or holding time prior to measurements,
47、 if required; g) temperature (required only for fracturing fluids); h) pH (for aqueous fluids, where applicable); i) all other aspects of the fluid preparation which are known to affect the outcome of the viscosity measurement should be reported. 6 Fluid preparation using shear-history simulation (optional) 6.1 General A shear-history simulation procedure is provided to simulate the effects of shear rate and time while a fluid is being conveyed down well tubulars. This procedure is intended to characterize t
