1、 ANSI/ASAE S572.1 MAR2009 (R2017) Spray Nozzle Classification by Droplet Spectra American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and b
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6、ctices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus,
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9、ally to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASAE S572.1 MAR2009 (R2017) Copyright American
10、 Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE S572.1 MAR2009 (R2017) Approved March 2009; reaffirmed December 2017 as an American National Standard Spray Nozzle Classification by Droplet Spectra Developed by the ASAE Pest Control and Fertilizer Application Committee; approved by the
11、Power and Machinery Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE August 1999; reaffirmed February 2004; revised March 2009; approved as an American National Standard March 2009, reaffirmed by ASABE December 2013, reaffirmed by ANSI January 2014; Corrigendum issued January 2014; reaffirmed by ASABE
12、and ANSI December 2017. Keywords: Chemicals, Drop size, Droplet, Fertilizer, Nozzle, Spray 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 This Standard defines droplet spectrum categories for the classification of spray nozzles, relative to specified reference fan nozzles discharging spray into static air or so that no st
13、ream of air enhances atomization. The purpose of classification is to provide the nozzle user with droplet size information primarily to indicate off-site spray drift potential and secondarily for application efficacy. 1.2 This Standard defines a means for relative nozzle comparisons only based on d
14、roplet size. Other spray drift and application efficacy factors, such as droplet discharge trajectory, height, and velocity, air bubble inclusion; droplet evaporation; and impaction on target are examples of factors not addressed by the current Standard. 2 General 2.1 Liquid flow rate, liquid pressu
15、re, and physical changes to nozzle geometry and operation can affect the nozzle classification. A given nozzle can be classified into one or more droplet size categories, depending on the selection of flow rate, operating pressure, and other operational conditions. 2.2 Generally the Standard is base
16、d on spraying water through the reference nozzles and nozzles to be classified. However, spray liquid properties may affect droplet sizes and should be considered by the end user. Besides water, a surfactant-water mixture, with a dynamic surface tension of 40 2 dynes/cm at 10 to 20 ms, such as 9% (w
17、t/wt) isopropanol or 0.1% (v/v) SurfynolTMTG-E surfactant in water should be sprayed through the nozzles to be classified (1) that are claimed to reduce spray drift, or (2) that utilize pre-orifices or internal turbulence chambers especially for cases near a threshold between classification categori
18、es. If differing classifications (see 6 Nozzle classification procedures for statistical basis) are determined for water versus a mixture of water and surfactant, the finer of the two classifications should be reported. 2.3 Presentation of nozzle classification categories to nozzle users should use
19、the standard category terms from 3.3. The presentation may use the symbols or color codes identified in 3.3, provided the corresponding standard category terms are identified in the presentation. 3 Reference Flat Spray Nozzles 3.1 The droplet spectra produced by single, elliptical orifice reference
20、nozzles with specified, (1) liquid mixture (water), (2) liquid flow rates, (3) operating pressures, and (4) spray angles, all of which are specified by this Standard (see 3.5), establish the threshold of division between nozzle classification categories. ANSI/ASAE S572.1 MAR2009 (R2017) Copyright Am
21、erican Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 3.1.1 Reference nozzle sets should be periodically checked, through laser droplet size testing, for consistency in droplet size production. 3.2 Reference nozzles shall not be subjected to wear-inducing conditions that could alter orifice size
22、, shape, smoothness, flow rate, or spray angle. 3.3 Classification categories, symbols, and corresponding color codes are the following: Classification Category Symbol Color Code Extremely fine XF Purple Very fine VF Red Fine F Orange Medium M Yellow Coarse C Blue Very coarse VC Green Extremely coar
23、se XC White Ultra coarse UC Black 3.4 Reference flow rate and operating pressure are specified for each reference nozzle, since droplet size spectra from pressure atomizers are affected by flow rate and operating pressure. The included angle of the fan spray, nominal rated flow rate, reference flow
24、rate, and reference operating pressure are specified (see 3.5). It should be noted that a nozzle body strainer, or screen, is not used for any nozzle tip in this Standard. 3.5 Classification category thresholds, nozzle spray angles, nominal rated flow ratings at 276 kPa (40 psi), reference flow rati
25、ngs, and reference operating pressures are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Classification category threshold values for flat spray nozzles Classification Category Threshold Nozzle Spray Angle () Nominal Rated Flow Rate1Reference Flow Rate2Reference Operating Pressure3(L/min) (gpm) (L/min) (gpm) (kPa) (psi
26、) XF / VF IP-164, 30 0.075 0.032 0.036 0.010 550 79.8 VF / F 110 0.38 0.10 0.48 0.13 450 65.3 F / M 110 1.14 0.30 1.18 0.31 300 43.5 M / C 110 2.27 0.60 1.93 0.51 200 29.0 C / VC 80 3.03 0.80 2.88 0.76 250 36.3 VC / XC 65 3.78 1.00 3.22 0.85 200 29.0 XC / UC 65 5.68 1.50 4.92 1.30 150 21.7 1 Nominal
27、 rated flow rate is at 276 kPa (40 psi) and is for nozzle size confirmation only; for IP-16 nominal rating is 0.75L/m at 6895 kPa (1000psi). 2 Reference flow rate is the actual rate used and has a tolerance of 0.04 L/min (0.01 gpm). Reference flow rate was determined for this Standard from PkQ =. Th
28、e orifice coefficient (k) for each single, elliptical orifice reference nozzle is calculated from the nominal rated condition. IP-16 data is from the manufacturer MeeFogTM. The reference operating pressure (P) is listed in the above table. Tolerances for the reference operating pressure are describe
29、d in the following footnote. 3 Reference operating pressure is the hydraulic pressure used to obtain the reference rate and should be within a tolerance range of 3.4 kPa (0.5 psi) of the value tabled above. If the tolerance reference flow rate at the tolerance reference operating pressure cannot sim
30、ultaneously be achieved, a different nozzle tip should be selected. All pressures are measured with a test gage with a minimum accuracy of 2 kPa (0.25 psi) (accuracy grade =3A). Test pressure is obtained via a capillary tube connected to a tee that accommodates the nozzle body to minimize flow restr
31、ictions and potential pressure drop between the capillary and nozzle tip. No nozzle strainer is present in the nozzle body.4 IP-16 is a pin deflector fog nozzle from MeeFogTMANSI/ASAE S572.1 MAR2009 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 4 Droplet Sizing 4.1 Th
32、e droplet spectra from the reference nozzles, and from nozzles to be classified, should be measured with a laser-based instrument. Commercial droplet sizing instruments typically use either (1) laser diffraction, (2) laser imaging, or (3) laser-based phase-Doppler techniques. Instrument use should m
33、inimize the measurement of interactions that could occur between the instrument and droplets in-flight in the spray. Instrument technologies other than laser-based may be used provided that accuracy and repeatability are comparable with that of laser instruments. 4.1.1 Verification or calibration to
34、 known standards of any measurement method is essential. Instrument particulars, such as size range configuration, obscuration, multiple scattering, verification, droplet path angle, calibration, and repeatability, shall be addressed such that accurate and repeatable day-to-day measurements are obta
35、ined. 4.2 Nozzles are oriented to discharge the spray to allow for scanning the entire spray plume by the laser instrument. The height of the laser below the nozzle, or the distance between the nozzle discharge and measurement point, should range from 200 mm (8 in.) to 500 mm (20 in.). However, exce
36、ptions to this distance range may be necessary to reduce fouling of the instrument lens. 4.3 Droplet size measurement must ensure that a representative, cross-sectional sample of the spray plume is obtained. Acceptable methods include traversing the nozzle through the laser during data sampling, or
37、by calculating droplet sizes by merging data of multiple readings from representative samples of the spray plume. The method chosen should be consistent between reference nozzles and nozzles being classified. ASTM Standards addressing instrument use and spray sampling should always be consulted for
38、best measurement procedures. 4.4 A minimum of three separate, replicate measurements shall be averaged to establish the cumulative volume-versus-droplet size spectra relationship, including values of Dv0.1, Dv0.5, and Dv0.9 . The exact number of replicate measurements shall be determined based on th
39、e desired standard deviation and resulting resolution in classification (see 6). 4.5 Tap water is the test liquid for reference nozzle droplet sizing determinations. Exceptions to using water alone for nozzles to be classified are specified in 2.2. Ambient temperature and measurement technique shoul
40、d result in negligible droplet evaporation. 5 Reference Graph of Classification Droplet Spectra 5.1 A reference graph for nozzle classification shall be established from droplet size spectra measurements obtained for all of the reference nozzles. Droplet diameter (microns) is plotted versus the cumu
41、lative spray volume (fraction or percent) (ordinate) for five reference nozzles as an example reference graph. These curves define the classification thresholds between categories. 5.2 Cumulative volume for the reference graph shall range from 10 to 90 percent. The graph can be simplified by using c
42、omputed values of Dv0.1, Dv0.5, and Dv0.9. An example reference graph developed from measurements averaged from three types of laser instruments is shown in Figure 1. ANSI/ASAE S572.1 MAR2009 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 Figure 1 Sample reference grap
43、h developed from measurements averaged from three types of laser instruments. NOTE: To view figure in color please go to http:/www.asabe.org/media/107792/s572_figure_1.jpg. 5.3 Droplet spectra measurements for (A) reference nozzles and (B) nozzles to be classified shall be performed with the same (1
44、) instrument, (2) measurement method, (3) sampling technique, (4) scanning technique, (5) operator; and (6) similar environmental condition. Any deviation in these six factors may void the accuracy of the classification. The reference graph shall be verified before and after measurements are taken t
45、o classify nozzles. The frequency of graph verification should ensure that repeatable classification results are obtained throughout testing. 6 Nozzle Classification Procedures 6.1 Sprays from nozzles to be classified are measured on the same analyzer at the same settings as for the reference nozzle
46、s (see 5 Reference graph of classification droplet spectra). Nozzle classifications are determined from plotting cumulative volume versus droplet size spectra, namely the computed values of Dv0.1, Dv0.5, and Dv0.9 onto the reference graph. The classification is determined based on where the droplet
47、size spectra fall on the reference graph relative to the reference nozzles. One standard deviation of each reference nozzle measurement above each threshold curve determines the actual upper limit for the classification category falling below the threshold curve. 6.2 Steps of the procedure include:
48、1. Calibrate or verify the droplet sizing instrument (see 4 Droplet sizing) 2. Calibrate flow rate from reference nozzles to achieve reference discharge flow rate (see specifications in 3.5) 3. Measure droplet spectra from the reference nozzles (see 3 Reference flat spray nozzles) 4. Plot the refere
49、nce graph (see 5 Reference graph of classification droplet spectra) Example Reference Graph01002003004005006007008009001000110012000 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Cumulative Volume FractionDropSize(microns, m)ExtraFine/VeryFine XF/VFVery Fine /Fine VF/FFine / MediumF/ MMedium/CoarseM / CCoarse/VeryCoarse C/VCVery Coarse/Extra CoarseVC/XCUltra Coarse/Extra CoarseUC/XCUCXCANSI/ASAE S572.1 MAR2009 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 5. Measure the droplet spectrum for the nozzle, pressure, flow rate,
