1、Designation: F1352 08 (Reapproved 2013) An American National StandardStandard Guide forFixed Blade Broadhead Performance and Safety Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1352; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the formulation of preliminary guide-lines in six areas of broadhead p
3、erformance and safety.1.2 The first three guidelines, flight, penetration, andsharpness, are related to performance, but they can have somebearing on safety. The last three, impact resistance, assemblyand attachment methods, and packaging, determine to a greatdegree the safety level of the broadhead
4、 in the hands of the enduser.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
5、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 blades, nthe sharp, laterally extended elements ofthe broadhead that perform the task of cutting after the arrowimpact
6、s the target.2.1.2 broadheads, ndevices for attachment to the forwardend of an arrow that are equipped with one or more sharpcutting blades. Broadheads are used when hunting with a bowand arrow to harvest game animals.2.1.3 ferrule, nthe central structural section or componentof the broadhead to whi
7、ch the forward end of the arrow shaftis attached. In some broadhead types, the ferrule is integralwith the blades. In other types of broadheads, the ferrule hasprovisions to mount separable blades, but it may also have oneor more integral blades. The ferrule may have a projectingthreaded shaft that
8、screws into a socket in the forward end ofthe arrow shaft, or it may have a hollow rear section into whichthe forward end of the arrow shaft is inserted.2.1.4 flight, nthe path taken by the arrow after it islaunched by the bow, but specifically including the character-istics of the motion of the arr
9、ow as it proceeds along the pathof flight.2.1.5 penetration potential and penetration, npenetrationpotential is the combination of many factors that determine thepotential of an arrow to penetrate any target that it impacts.These factors are principally the mass and velocity of thearrow, the charact
10、eristics of the broadhead being utilized(number of blades, cutting diameter, etc.), and the manner offlight of the arrow. Penetration is the actual depth an arrowpenetrates in a given target. Considering that an arrow hasgiven penetration potential, the actual depth of penetration willbe a function
11、of the material and consistency of the target andthe manner or attitude of the arrow when it strikes the target.2.1.6 tip, nforward end of broadhead which may or maynot be a blade, but may be threaded to accept starter or pilotblade.3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is not intended to be all-inc
12、lusive. There maybe additional aspects of performance and safety that need to beaddressed in order to have a comprehensive study of thesubject matter.3.2 The suggested preliminary guideline summaries thatfollow were developed by a consensus of bowhunters withmany years of field experience, industry
13、people with knowl-edge in the design and manufacture of broadheads, andindividuals experienced in the distribution and retail areas ofthe business who have close contact with end users.4. Flight4.1 It is quite probable that well-directed straight-line flightis the most important characteristic of an
14、 arrow equipped witha broadhead. All other factors, such as good penetrationpotential and high-impact resistance, cannot be used to theirfull extent if the broadhead-equipped arrow does not strikewhere it is aimed.4.2 Straightness of flight also contributes to the performanceand humaneness of the br
15、oadhead in that it increases theprobability of hitting the target, and enhances penetrationpotential by reducing energy loss due to an angular impact.Straight flight may also contribute to safety.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Fa
16、cilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.16 on Archery Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1352 08. DOI:10.1520/F1352-08R13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
17、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 Fundamental principles of aerodynamics should be ap-plied to any broadhead design and manufacture to achievestraightness of flight. Specifically, concentricity of the ferrule,balanced placement of the blades with respect to the cente
18、rlineof the ferrule, elimination of warps in the blades, and closeweight control for consistency and balance are importantfactors in the design and manufacture of broadheads. Accept-able flight may be affected by number of blades, cuttingdiameter, and venting cutout configuration.4.4 Mounting the br
19、oadhead on the arrow shaft can be acritical operation. For aerodynamic reasons, it is important thatthe blades of the broadhead be aligned accurately with thelongitudinal centerline of the arrow shaft. This is a function ofseveral factors: consistent alignment of the blades to theferrule, concentric
20、ity of the ferrule, and alignment duringassembly of the ferrule and the shaft. For broadheads employ-ing threaded shaft mounting into inserts, the insert must beconcentric with the centerline of the shaft, and the contactingbase shoulder of the broadhead must be square with thecenterline of the ferr
21、ule. For broadheads with hollow bases intowhich the arrow shaft is inserted, the cylindrical or taperedbore of the ferrule must be concentric with the body of theferrule. For a cylindrical bore, the inside diametral tolerancemust ensure a tight fit with the arrow shaft to maintainalignment. For a ta
22、pered bore, the matching taper on the arrowshaft must be concentric with the centerline of the shaft.4.5 When an arrow is being launched or is in flight, theblades of a broadhead act as guidance vanes tending to assumecontrol of the flight unless counteracted by adequately sizedand oriented fletchin
23、g or other control elements attached to thearrow. Normal practice is to use natural feather or syntheticvane fletching at the rear of the arrow for this purpose. Ingeneral, the best control for straight flight patterns is obtainedusing straight-line fletching that is offset from the centerline ofthe
24、 shaft, or fletching that is applied with a spiral or helicaltwist. This type of fletching causes the arrow to spin around itslongitudinal axis in flight, producing improved directionalstability. Increased drag at the rear of the arrow also aidsdirectional stability. The requirement for the level of
25、 control toobtain straight flight will vary with the individual type ofbroadhead in use.5. Accuracy5.1 The accuracy of a broadhead-equipped arrow dependson accurate aiming, proper form and release, correct follow-through, and straightness of flight. The first three factors areunder the immediate con
26、trol of the shooter, while the last is afunction of the equipment and a major subject of this guide.Assuming that the first three factors can be controlled ad-equately by the use of a mechanical shooting machine, abroadhead-equipped arrow can be judged to have acceptableaccuracy if it can consistent
27、ly impact within a 4-in. diametercircle at a range of 30 yd.6. Penetration Potential6.1 Good penetration is preferred, since it contributes di-rectly to the humaneness and effectiveness of the broadhead inuse.6.2 A broadhead is intended to penetrate the body of a gameanimal and produce massive hemor
28、rhage. Depth of penetrationand severance of blood vessels are important factors inmeasuring the effectiveness of the broadhead. The number ofblades and width of those blades multiplied by the depth ofpenetration determines the area of flesh that is cut by thebroadhead. However, increasing the number
29、 of blades gener-ally increases resistance to penetration. If the broadhead passescompletely through the body of the game animal, the area ofcut is maximum for that specific path. Complete penetration isnot necessary for adequate effectiveness; nevertheless, opti-mum penetration is highly desirable.
30、6.2.1 Comparative testing in the bodies of game animals isimpractical for several reasons. However, tests can be devisedto test the relative penetration depths of various broadheads byshooting them into materials of uniform density andconsistency, such as ballistic gel at a given ratio of 10 %, whic
31、his used for projectile penetration evaluation by the firearmindustry. The effects of design features, such as length/width(L/W) ratio (Fig. 1), number of blades, number of cutouts,sharpness, etc., can be evaluated to optimize the designconfiguration. Comparison with existing broadheads of provenfie
32、ld performance is suggested as a criterion of acceptability.6.3 Guidelines:6.3.1 Establish the minimum L/W ratio to ensure goodslicing action.6.3.2 Establish the minimum and maximum number ofblades and the minimum acceptable sharpness.6.3.3 Establish other parameters affecting penetrationpotential,
33、such as surface roughness, cutout design, suddenchanges in cross section, tip design, etc.7. Sharpness7.1 Standards for blade sharpness may be difficult to deter-mine with a high degree of accuracy; however, most experi-enced users of broadheads agree that such standards aredesirable. Several perfor
34、mance-type tests have been in generaluse in the field for years which are crude but reasonablyeffective. Blades that will shave hair, slice poorly supportedthin paper, or sever a lightly tensioned rubber band are usuallyconsidered sufficiently sharp for humane and effective hunting.These tests may b
35、e satisfactory for smoothly honed edges, butthey are questionable when attempting to evaluate the sharp-ness of a serrated edge. Historically, broadheads can becategorized into two general classes: (1) those furnishedadequately sharp by the manufacturer, and (2) those designedto be sharpened by the
36、ultimate user. Simple sharpness tests areFixed Blades Replaceable BladesFIG. 1 Schematic ConfigurationF1352 08 (2013)2mandatory for this reason, and those described will continue tobe used for field evaluation. A sharp broadhead is unquestion-ably necessary for a quick and humane kill, and it is not
37、 anoverstatement to say that all broadheads, regardless of theirdesign, should have, or be capable of, a very high level ofsharpness.7.2 GuidelinesFor the manufacturer of presharpenedbroadheads, it may be practical to establish an acceptablemaximum cutting edge width by microscopic examination, andu
38、se this procedure to control process and quality.8. Impact Resistance8.1 In use, the broadhead may be subject to substantialdirect or angular front-end impact when encountering solidbone. This requires that the broadhead have a high level ofstructural integrity, not only in all of its components, bu
39、t alsoin the blade retention system. It is probable that front-endangular impact generates more severe stresses than directin-line impact in most broadhead designs, although bothconditions can be tested readily (see 8.2).8.2 GuidelinesShoot a broadhead-equipped arrow into asolid plate of 6061-T6 alu
40、minum, 0.25 in. thick by 18 in.square at an established 30 angle and from a distance of 10 ft.Repeat this test with a head-on shot from the same distance.Side shields fabricated from14-in. plywood can serve ascontainment for possible debris from impact. Measure arrowweight and velocity of the shot a
41、rrow/broadhead combinationto determine the kinetic energy of the set-up. The kineticenergy should be 35 ftlbf (minimum) for this test to duplicatethe internal stresses experienced under the most severe fieldconditions.9. Assembly and Attachment Methods9.1 The insertion of blades into ferrule slots a
42、nd the attach-ment of assembled or partially assembled broadheads to arrowsmay require a carefully written or plainly illustrated instructionsheet, or both, so that these tasks may be performed in relativesafety. Another set of instructions may be needed for sharpen-ing of broadheads with fixed or n
43、ew replaceable blades. Toenhance the ease and safety of handling while performing thesetasks, it may be helpful to include special shields covering thesharp edges and special wrenches for mounting the heads onarrows, or both.9.2 Guidelines:9.2.1 Include instructions and illustrations for attachingbr
44、oadheads to arrows,9.2.2 Include instructions and illustrations for insertingblades in slotted ferrules,9.2.3 Provide shield or wrench for enhancing safety duringassembly and disassembly of broadheads, and9.2.4 Include instructions and illustrations for sharpeningfixed blade broadheads.10. Packaging
45、10.1 Packaging should be constructed to provide adequatesafety to the purchaser and other individuals who handle theproducts before final purchase. Assembled broadheads pack-aged in thin plastic or cellophane containers with no conspicu-ous warning statements may provide less than adequate pro-tecti
46、on. While it may not be possible to eliminate all hazardsdue to careless handling, packaging practices may need to beexamined to make certain that adequate safety precautions andwarning labels have been implemented.10.2 Guidelines:10.2.1 Evaluate packaging methods and determine the ad-equacy of thei
47、r safety level.10.2.2 Incorporate conspicuous warning labels alerting us-ers to blade sharpness and the potential for injury wheninstructions are not followed carefully.11. Keywords11.1 blades; broadheads; ferrule; flight; penetrationASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of an
48、y patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to rev
49、ision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.Th
