1、Designation: F2569 11 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluating the Force Reduction Properties of Surfaces forAthletic Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2569; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurementand normalization of impact force
3、s generated through a me-chanical impact test on an athletic surface. The impact forcessimulated in this test method are intended to represent thoseproduced by lower extremities of an athlete during landingevents on sport or athletic surfaces.1.2 This test method may be applied to any surface wherea
4、thletic activity may be conducted.1.3 The test methods described are applicable in bothlaboratory and field settings.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
5、 concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms
6、 Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 DIN Standard:3DIN 18032-2 Halls for Gymnastics, Games and Multipur-pose Use, Part 2: Sports Floors, Requirements, Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms S
7、pecific to This Standard:3.1.1 force reduction, nability of a surface to reduceimpact forces as compared to a rigid surface using a specifiedimpact. Force reduction expresses the difference between theimpact forces generated on the test and rigid surfaces as thepercentage of the impact force from th
8、e rigid surface.3.1.2 rigid surface, nconcrete surface covered by a steelplate used as the basis for measuring force reduction.3.1.3 test surface, nathletic surface upon which forcereduction testing is conducted (for example, indoor woodcourts, poured urethane courts, walk/jog tracks, and so forth).
9、4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The dynamic interaction between the athlete and thesurface is significant to the performance, comfort, and possiblythe safety of the athlete. Therefore, the ability of the surface toreduce impact forces is important. This test method provides anon-destructive means for e
10、valuating the force reduction prop-erties of a surface in both laboratory and field settings. Impactforces are recorded by releasing a 20 kg mass and allowing itto impact a spring resting on a test foot resting on the surface.The force reduction of the surface is presented as a percentageof the redu
11、ction in the impact forces produced on the testsurface, compared to the impact force generated on a rigidsurface. This test method is more closely associated with theimpacts generated by the lower extremities, and is not anindication of the ability of the test surface to prevent headinjury trauma.5.
12、 Significance and Use5.1 The force reduction property is just one of the importantproperties of a surface used for athletic activity. It may be anindicator of the performance, safety, comfort, or suitability ofthe surface.5.2 Manufacturers of athletic surfaces may use this testmethod to evaluate the
13、 effects of design changes on the impactforces generated on the surface.5.3 Facility owners may use this standard to evaluate theperformance of existing sport/athletic surfaces. Results may be1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and
14、Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.52 on Miscellaneous Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published February 2012. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F2569 07. DOI:10.1520/F2569-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, vis
15、it the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN- DIN Deutsches Institut furNormung e.V.), Burggrafenstras
16、se 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http:/www.en.din.de.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1useful during the selection process for a replacement surface,or for an additional athletic surface being added to the facility.5.4 Faci
17、lity owners may also use this test method to verifythat newly installed surfaces perform at or near the levelsincluded in project specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Force Reduction Test ApparatusThis test methodutilizes a force reduction test device similar to the one outlinedin DIN 18032-2. The force r
18、eduction device is shown in Fig. 1.A mass of 20 kg is allowed to fall onto an anvil, whichtransmits the load via a spring to a test foot resting on thesurface. The foot is fitted with a force transducer that enablesthe peak force during the impact event to be recorded. The peakforce is compared with
19、 the result obtained on a rigid floor, andthe percentage of force reduction calculated for the test surface.6.1.1 The apparatus shall conform to the following require-ments:6.1.1.1 Falling mass with a striker screwed into the bottomside of the mass. The striker has a diameter of 50 6 10 mm (2.06 0.4
20、 in.) and a length of 75 6 25 mm (3 6 1 in.). The totalmass of the falling weight and the striker is 20 6 0.05 kg (446 0.1 lb);6.1.1.2 Ensure the drop mass travels in a vertical path fromrelease to impact, such as by using guide rods;6.1.1.3 Spring4with a spring rate 2000 6 100 kN/m (11 4206 571 lb/
21、in.), an outside diameter of 70.0 6 0.1 mm (2.75 60.004 in.), a free length of 75 6 10 mm (3.95 6 0.39 in.);(1) Spring rate shall be determined by linear regressionthrough force-deflection data recorded the following loads; 200N, 2000 N, 4000 N, 6000 N, 8000 N, and 10 000 N (45 lb, 448lb, 897 lb, 13
22、46 lb, 1794 lb, and 2243 lb).6.1.1.4 Upper spring end-cap made of hardened steel with adiameter of 70.0 6 0.1 mm (2.75 6 0.004 in.).6.1.1.5 Bottom spring end-cap made of hardened steel tocontact the load-cell with a diameter of 70.0 6 0.1 mm (2.756 0.004 in.). The face of this end-cap that contacts
23、the load cellmay be made flat, or it may have a recess milled into it to fit aload-button on the load cell.6.1.1.6 Test foot diameter 70.0 6 0.1 mm (2.75 6 0.004in.), thickness 12 6 1 mm (0.47 6 0.04 in.) with a radius of4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
24、is Rein Kratmessegerate, D-89150 Laichingen, Gottlieb-Diamler-Str. 62 Germany.If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you m
25、ay attend.1 = drop mass and striker2 = guide rod3 = spring4 = upper end-cap5 = bottom end-cap6 = test foot7 = adjustable support8 = height adjustment andrelease mechanism9 = load cell10 = housing sleeve11 = guide holeFIG. 1 Force Reduction Test ApparatusF2569 112500 6 50 mm (20 6 2.0 in.) and fillet
26、ed edges with a radius of1 6 1 mm (0.004 6 0.004 in.);6.1.1.7 Adjustable support with three contact points (spaced120 6 5) to set apparatus vertical (62), such as by using apair of calibrated levels with a minimum distance of 600 mm(24 in.) between the falling axis and the axis of the contactpoints;
27、6.1.1.8 Capable of producing a drop height between 22.0mm (0.87 in.) and 88.0 mm (3.46 in.) with a lifting facility tohold and release the drop mass and to adjust the drop heightbetween bottom of the striker and the upper spring end-cap toan accuracy of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.);6.1.1.9 Mass of test foot a
28、nd load cell and spring, end-capsand any other attached components shall be 3.0 6 0.5 kg (6.66 1.1 lb);6.1.1.10 Housing sleeve that ensures the axis of the springand the load-cell are collinear. Housing sleeve length sufficientto extend below the spring over the load-cell and cover aminimum of 90 %
29、of the free length of the spring. The housingsleeve must have an inside diameter of 71 6 0.1 mm (2.80 60.004 in.) and a minimum thickness of 4 mm (0.25 in.). Thehousing sleeve shall not be attached to the test foot, load-cell,or spring in any fashion. The inside and outside shall ensuresmooth uninte
30、rrupted travel of the spring during impact, suchas by polishing the surfaces.6.1.1.11 The housing sleeve shall fit through a guide holewith a clearance of 0.5 6 0.05 mm (0.019 6 0.002 in.). Theinside of the guide hole shall allow smooth uninterrupted travelof the housing sleeve during impact, such a
31、s by polishing thesurface.6.2 Rigid SurfaceConcrete, 15 cm (5.9 in.) minimumthickness with a 10 mm (0.39 in.) thick steel plate fully gluedto the concrete using an adhesive with a Youngs modulus 10kN/mm2(1.45 Mpsi).6.3 Data Collection and Analysis System:6.3.1 Sampling frequency of at least 2000 Hz;
32、6.3.2 Butterworth filter 120 Hz, 2-pole for collecting data onboth the rigid and the test surface;6.3.3 Electronic load-cell with amplifier, with a loadingcapacity of at least 10 000 N (2242 lb) and an accuracy of 1 %or better, and6.3.4 Recording equipment capable of storing enough forcedata to calc
33、ulate data, display readings and graph impactforce-time curves.6.4 Appropriate Devices for Determining Surface/Air Tem-peratures and Relative Humidity:6.4.1 Measurements may be obtained using hand-held com-mercially available devices.7. Testing Conditions7.1 The following general testing conditions
34、shall be re-corded and included in the test report for information purposesonly.7.1.1 All Surfaces:7.1.1.1 Testing is to be conducted at 23 6 2C (72 6 4F)when possible. Record surface and air temperature (to thenearest 1C (2F) and relative humidity (to the nearest 1 %).Surface temperature measuremen
35、ts should be taken in mannerappropriate to the test surface. Other ASTM guides andspecifications may also require testing at additional tempera-tures.7.1.1.2 The force reduction shall be tested using the missiledrop height specified by the test procedure/standard named inthe test report. If no speci
36、fic drop height is specified therein, thestandard drop height of 55 mm (2.2 in.) shall be used.Additional drop heights may be tested and should be agreed onby the purchaser and the seller. Other ASTM guides andspecifications may also require testing at additional dropheights.7.1.2 Laboratory Sample
37、SizesStandards that referencethis method shall ensure that the sample size is sufficientlylarge and that test points are sufficiently far from the edge ofthe sample that edge effects are prevented from altering theoutcome of the tests.8. Procedure8.1 Because of the definition of the rigid surface, t
38、esting ofthe rigid surface can not be conducted on-site. Documentationof the rigid surface will refer to the rigid surface present at thetesting persons/companys laboratory.8.2 Locate and document all points to be tested. Thisincludes points on the athletic surface and the rigid surfacewhen applicab
39、le.8.3 Set the axis of the falling mass to vertical (62), andadjust the drop height to the desired height (60.25 mm (60.01in.). The sports system shall be evaluated using a drop heightof 55.0 6 0.25 mm (2.2 6 0.01 in.) and any additional dropheights considered useful.8.4 Rigid Surface Testing:8.4.1
40、Evaluate the impact force from the rigid floor byconducting 11 drops, rotating the spring by 70 6 15 andallowing 30 6 15 s between drops, and use the Butterworth120 Hz, 2-pole low pass filter to condition the data and recordthe maximum impact force in Newtons. Calculate the averageimpact force for t
41、he rigid surface Fc! using the final 10 drops.Check and adjust release height as necessary between everydrop.8.4.2 The value of Fcshall be 6.60 6 0.25 kN (1480 6 56lb) for the results to be considered valid.8.4.3 The time between rigid surface testing and test surfacetesting must be less than three
42、months.8.5 Test SurfaceEvaluate the impact force from each pointof interest on the test surface by conducting three dropsallowing 60 6 15 s between drops; use the Butterworth 120Hz, 2-pole low pass filter to condition the data, and record andpresent the maximum impact force in Newtons for all threed
43、rops, calculate the average impact force for each point of thetest surface (Fs) using the result from the final two drops ateach point. Check and adjust release height as necessarybetween every drop.9. Calculation9.1 Compute the average maximum impact force generatedon the rigid surface Fc!.F2569 11
44、3Fc5(i5211Fci10(1)9.2 Compute the average maximum impact force generatedat each test surface test point (Fsi). The results of the first dropare not be included in the analysis because it often producesresults significantly different from the second (Fsi,2). and third(Fsi,3). impacts, where i represe
45、nts an individual test point.Fsi5Fsi,21Fsi,32(2)9.3 Compute the force reduction to the nearest 1% for eachtest surface test point FRi!.FRi%! 5S1 2FsiFcD*100 (3)9.4 Compute the average force reduction property for theentire system to the nearest 1%FR!.FR%! 5(i51nFRi!n(4)9.5 When appropriate calculate
46、 the standard deviation of theforce reduction to the nearest 0.1 % of the entire test surface(FR).FR 5(i51nFRi!22 FR!2!n 2 1(5)10. Submissions for Suitability Testing10.1 All Systems:10.1.1 All system components and construction methodsshall be identified.10.1.2 Description of the system including c
47、omposition,structures, textures, and thicknesses of all material layers in thesystem.11. Report11.1 Date of the test.11.2 Test location.11.3 Temperature and humidity of each test.11.4 Name of person or laboratory, or both, performing thetest.11.5 Average impact force from rigid surface.11.6 Date of
48、rigid surface testing.11.7 Average force reduction values for each point tested.11.8 Average force reduction for the test surface, includingthe range of force reduction values from the individual testpoints.11.9 Name of client/company.11.10 Description of system (name and description ofproduct, mate
49、rials, and components) to the extent possible.11.11 Name of surface manufacturer, if possible.11.12 Name of surface installer, if possible.11.13 Record of the delivery of the samples (date, amount,size, delivered by) if possible.11.14 Diagram illustrating system construction features andtest point locations relevant to those construction features tothe extent possible.11.14.1 When testing under laboratory conditions, include adescription of the overall system construction and descriptionsand drawings of the construction details pres
