1、Designation: F2876 10 (Reapproved 2015) An American National StandardStandard Practice forThermal Rating and Installation of Internal CombustionEngine Packages for use in Hazardous Locations in MarineApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2876; the number immediately follo
2、wing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice cov
3、ers the method of testing, rating andinstallation of internal combustion engine packages for use inhazardous areas in marine applications. The thermal rating ofthe engine is determined by the actual readings of engine andexhaust system temperatures within hazardous areas, as de-fined by references i
4、n 2.2 and 2.3of this practice, or asdesignated by the authority having jurisdiction, or both. Thegoal of this practice is to thermally rate engine packages, andprovide additional installation recommendations, in order toreduce the risk of igniting the ignitable mixtures that may bepresent within the
5、 hazardous areas of marine vessels.1.2 Only a marine engine suitable for the service, designedand constructed in conformance with the requirements of 3.1.2,is considered.1.3 The system of units in this practice shall be SI (metric)form, along with the standard (English) system equivalentplaced in pa
6、rentheses, for example, 20C (68F).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limita
7、tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F683 Practice for Selection and Application of ThermalInsulation for Piping and Machinery2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 70 The National Electric Code (NEC), 20082.3 IEC Standards:4IEC 60092 Electrical installations in shipsPart 502:Tankers-Spec
8、ial features2.4 CFR:5CFR 46 United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46,Shipping2.5 EN Standards:4EN 1834-1 Reciprocating internal combustion engines.Safety requirements for design and construction of en-gines for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 h
9、azardous locationarea in which an explosive gasatmosphere is or may be expected to be present, in quantitiessuch as to require special precautions for the construction,installation and use of electrical apparatus and other potentialheat sources. These areas are defined by the authority havingjurisdi
10、ction, or in accordance with NFPA 70 (NEC) Articles500, 501 and 504; or NEC Articles 500 and 505; or IEC60092-502, or a combination thereof.3.1.2 marine enginea compression-ignition engine de-signed and constructed for operation in the marineenvironment, regardless of horsepower, to the applicable s
11、tan-dards or rules of a recognized classification society in Title 46,Code of Federal Regulations, Part 8, or a comparable enginedesign and construction standard.3.1.3 ignitable mixture a mixture of gas, such as naturalgas, or similar volatile hydrocarbon gas with normal air, thatwill propagate flam
12、e or explode when exposed to an ignitionsource.3.1.4 ignition temperature(explosive atmosphere)thelowest temperature at which an ignitable mixture may beignited.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitt
13、ee F25.07 onGeneral Requirements.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2876 10.DOI:10.1520/F2876-10R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
14、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from American National Standards
15、 Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 maximum surface temperaturethe highest tempera-ture attained under the most severe operating conditions by anyequipment part or surface capable of igniting an ignitablemixture.4. Summary of Practice4.1 While there have been great imp
17、rovements made in thesafety of electrical and electronic equipment utilized in haz-ardous locations, there has been little development concerningreducing the hazards associated with high temperature surfacesof internal combustion engines operating in the same hazard-ous locations. Several factors ha
18、ve significantly increased thetemperature of hot surfaces and exhaust gases of internalcombustion engines. Some of these factors are performancerelated, while others have resulted from compliance with newenvironmental standards.4.2 This practice provides guidance for the temperaturerating of marine
19、internal combustion engines based on thesurface temperature exposures within a hazardous location inthe marine environment.5. General Requirements5.1 The application of this practice will help reduce the riskof fire, or explosions, caused by ignitable gas mixtures comingin contact with the heated su
20、rfaces and hot exhaust gasesgenerated by compression ignition (diesel) engines used in, ornear, hazardous locations.5.2 Marine Engine Design and Construction Requirements:5.2.1 Special consideration should be given to engine ac-cessories such as pumps, fans, and starter motors such that theyare cons
21、tructed of suitable materials and installed in ways thatwill minimize friction, heat and sparking.5.2.2 High pressure fuel piping (greater than 100 bar, or1450 psi) installed between fuel pumps and injectors, shall bedouble jacketed in order to reduce the risk of fuel spray comingin contact with hot
22、 surfaces.5.2.3 Marine Engines and engine components shall beproperly bonded and grounded to the hull.5.2.4 The use of materials known to create, or store, staticelectricity shall be avoided.5.2.5 Fans and fans blades shall be constructed ofconductive, non-sparking materials.5.2.6 Drive belts shall
23、be conductive and the pulleys, shaftsand driving equipment shall be grounded.5.2.7 For sealed, purged or pressurized engine enclosuresspecial considerations should be given to the use of lock outsthat will prevent the engine from starting when protectiveguards, insulated covers, or other attachments
24、 necessary tomaintain temperature control, are removed.5.2.8 Sealed, purged or pressurized engine enclosures shallbe designed to dampen the pressure of an internal explosionand shall be protected against over pressurization.5.2.9 Air ducts and exhaust gas piping to and from non-hazardous locations s
25、hall be gas tight within the hazardouslocation. EN 1834-1 should be consulted.5.2.10 Air ducts within the hazardous location shall be fittedwith flame arrestors, or other equipment designed and tested toperform the functions of a flame arrestor. EN 1834-1 should beconsulted.5.2.11 Exhaust systems sh
26、all be fitted with a spark arrestor,or other equipment designed and tested to perform the func-tions of a spark arrestor. EN 1834-1 should be consulted.5.2.12 To help prevent unsafe operation, warning signs andlabels shall be used to indicate when necessary equipmentguards, or protective covers, are
27、 removed from the engine.5.2.13 The procedures outlined in EN 1834-1 should beconsulted for additional hazard and risk reduction.5.2.14 The procedures outlined in Practice F683 may beapplied if necessary in order to limit the exposed surfacetemperatures of piping and machinery.5.2.15 All electrical
28、or electronic equipment associated withengine installations in hazardous locations shall be tested orapproved and listed or certified by an independent laboratoryfor the Class and Group of the cargo carried or the hazardouslocation to the standards and protection techniques specifiedunder NFPA 70 (N
29、EC) Articles 500, 501 and 504; or NECArticles 500 and 505; or IEC 60092-502 and acceptable to theauthority having jurisdiction.6. Procedure for Rating6.1 The testing required in Section 7 shall be used todetermine the highest temperature exposure of the engineapplication package. The highest tempera
30、ture obtained, basedon the most severe test operating and environmental (includinghigh ambient air temperature) conditions, will be the tempera-ture used for determining the rating of the engine.6.2 The determination of an appropriate marine enginetemperature rating for installation in a hazardous l
31、ocation isbased upon the lowest ignition temperature of the cargo thevessel is authorized to carry, or the lowest ignition temperatureof the engine fuel being used, whichever is lower, and thehighest temperature exposure within the hazardous location ofany part of the marine engine package as determ
32、ined in 6.1.The temperature of engine surfaces, auxiliary components andexhaust system gases that may contact the cargo vapor must bemaintained below the engine rating temperature and,specifically, more than 10C (18F) below the lowest ignitiontemperature of any cargo that the vessel is certified to
33、transport.6.3 Engines for hazardous locations shall be given a desig-nated temperature rating from T1 through T6 based on Table 1.For example: a marine engine designated T3 shall have noexposed surfaces, components or exhaust piping with a tem-perature greater than 200C (392F) that may contact anyig
34、nitable mixture of gas and air within the hazardous area.TABLE 1 Engine Temperature Classification and RatingEngine Temperature Rating Engine Rating TemperatureT1 # 450C (842F)T2 # 300C (572F)T3 # 200C (392F)T4 # 135C (278F)T5 # 100C (212F)T6 # 85C (185F)F2876 10 (2015)27. Testing and Certification7
35、.1 Manufacturers and modifiers of marine engines for usein hazardous locations shall certify, through testing, the abilityof the engine and protective systems to maintain exposedtemperatures below the marine certified temperature (T) rating.7.2 Certification testing of the engine package and hazard-
36、ous location protective systems shall be conducted for aminimum of two hours at 90 % of rated power. This test maybe conducted as part of or in conjunction with other requiredoperational tests or certifications.7.3 Temperature measurements shall be taken using areliable, calibrated means of measurem
37、ent such as thermalimaging, or standard laboratory temperature measuring equip-ment.7.4 Prior to taking measurements of the marine enginesurface temperatures, the engine will be brought first to normalcoolant operating temperature and then to a steady state load asspecified in 7.2.7.5 Temperature me
38、asurement shall be taken at a minimumof eight different locations on the engine, or engine enclosure,at the load specified in 7.2. When an enclosure is not utilized,at least half of the readings shall be taken from the turbo-charger and compressor discharge (if installed) and differentpoints along t
39、he exhaust system. Readings shall be taken fromthe exhaust gas outlet if it is designed to discharge into thehazardous area. The location of other temperature readinglocations shall be based on the engine design.7.6 Temperature readings shall be recorded every 15 min-utes in each location.7.7 Any mo
40、dification to the engine package that could resultin an increase of temperature exposure within the hazardousarea will require re-certification of the modified engine pack-age.7.8 Upon installation each engine package will be tested toassure the newly installed engine is in compliance with themarine
41、 engines certified temperature (T) rating.8. Hazards8.1 Compliance with company-defined laboratory safetypractices and applicable occupational safety standards shall bemaintained.9. Documentation9.1 Marine engines manufactured, or modified, for installa-tion in hazardous locations must be labeled wi
42、th a nameplate orpermanent marking to indicate their temperature rating indegrees as follows:Meets ASTM F2876Engine temperature rating _ Maximum surface temperature _degrees (C or F).9.2 An operations and maintenance manual shall be pro-vided with each engine package manufactured, or modified, forin
43、stallation in hazardous locations. The operations and main-tenance manual shall include, but is not limited to the follow-ing:9.2.1 Documentation that describes the tests used for deter-mining the engines temperature rating in accordance with thispractice.9.2.2 A periodic maintenance plan that inclu
44、des the keymaintenance and testing requirements for maintaining theengines temperature rating during and following routinemaintenance.9.2.3 The required configuration to ensure the engine pack-age meets the installation requirements as defined by themanufacturer, or modifier.10. Post-Installation an
45、d Maintenance TestingRequirements10.1 The engine shall be installed and maintained in thesame configuration as it was tested and rated.10.2 Each hazardous location engine package installationshall be checked periodically, in accordance with the opera-tions and maintenance manual, but no less than an
46、nually, toensure that temperatures are being maintained at or belowlimits. In particular, careful checks shall be made followingsignificant maintenance or repair where critical insulation mayhave been removed or damaged.11. Keywords11.1 diesel engine; hazardous location; shipsASTM International take
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49、ed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contac
