1、Guide for WeldingMild Steel PipeAWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000An American National StandardApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteJuly 20, 2000Guide for WeldingMild Steel PipeSupersedes ANSI/AWS D10.12-8
2、9Prepared byAWS D10 Committee on Piping and TubingUnder the Direction ofAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved byAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis document presents recommended practices for welding mild steel pipe. It is intended to cover piping systems suchas for low pressure heating, air con
3、ditioning, refrigeration, water supplies, as well as some gas or chemical systems. Itprovides welding techniques for oxyacetylene, shielded metal arc, gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc, and flux cored arcwelding. This document does not address the needs of pipe steels or service conditions which may r
4、equire Post WeldHeat Treatment (PWHT).Key WordsMild steel pipe, tubing, shielded metal arc welding, oxyacetylene welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc weldingStatement on Use of AWS American National StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practi
5、ces, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the AmericanNational Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that areincluded in
6、 federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carrythe full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by thegovernmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a pa
7、rt of those laws and regulations. In allcases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards.Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be byagreement between the con
8、tracting parties.International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-551-1American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2000 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaAWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards d
9、evelopment process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any info
10、rmation or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of,
11、or reliance on thisstandard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or onbehalf of any person or entity. Nor is AW
12、S undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the adviceof a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.This
13、 standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringementof any patent resulting from the use or reliance on this standard
14、.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writ-ing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, America
15、n Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126(see Annex E). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards maybe rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. Theseindivid
16、uals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpre-tations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the
17、AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing. It must be reviewedevery five years and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, ordeletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed toAW
18、S Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tub-ing and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited toattend all meetings of the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing to expres
19、s their comments verbally. Procedures forappeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the TechnicalActivities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeuneRoad, Miami, FL 33126.Photocopy Ri
20、ghtsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that theappropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center
21、, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400;online: http:/.iiiPersonnelAWS D10 Committee on Piping and TubingW. J. Sperko, Chair Sperko Engineering ServicesM. C. Shepard, 1st Vice Chair Raytheon Engineers and ConstructorsD. J. Connell, 2nd Vice Chair Detroit EdisonT. R. Potter, Secret
22、ary American Welding SocietyF. G. Armao The Lincoln Electric CompanyR. E. Avery Avery Consulting Associates, IncorporatedW. L. Ballis ConsultantC. J. Bishop Medical Gas Management, IncorporatedC. R. Brashears Alyeska Pipeline Service CompanyK. Brazzell Liburdi Dimetrics CorporationH. W. Ebert Exxon
23、Research and Engineering CompanyW. R. Etie W. R. Etie ConsultantsA. L. Farland Brookhaven National LaboratoryS. Findlan Electric Power Research InstituteG. Frederick Electric Power Research Institute*E. A. Harwart ConsultantG. K. Hickox ConsultantJ. Hill Philip Technical Services(formerly Hill Techn
24、ical Services, Incorporated)J. E. Hinkel Consultant, Lincoln Electric Company*R. B. Kadiyala Techalloy CompanyM. P. Lang United Association Local 501B. B. MacDonald United AssociationL.A. Maier, Jr. ConsultantJ. W. McEnerney Gibson TubeP. A . M i ch a l s k i East Ohio Gas*J. W. Moeller ConsultantW.
25、 F. Newell, Jr. W. F. Newell and Associates, IncorporatedJ. S. Pastorok Perry Nuclear Power PlantL. Seum Bragg Crane and Rigging CompanyG. K. Sosnin ConsultantP. A . Tew s CRC-Evans Automatic WeldingL. Thompson RPS IncorporatedJ. Tidwell Fluor DanielJ. Tucker AIM Testing LaboratoryD. F. Weaver Fluor
26、 DanielR. R. Wright Consultant*AdvisorivAWS Subcommittee on Mild Steel PipeP. A. Michalski, Chair East Ohio GasT. R. Potter, Secretary American Welding SocietyW. L. Ballis ConsultantH. W. Ebert Exxon Research and Engineering CompanyJ. E. Hinkel Consultant, Lincoln Electric CompanyM. P. Lang United A
27、ssociation Local 501J. S. Pastorok Perry Nuclear Power Plant*W. J. Sperko Sperko Engineering ServicesP. A . Tew s CRC-Evans Automatic WeldingJ. Tidwell Fluor Daniel*AdvisorvForeword(This Foreword is not a part of AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe, but is included forinformat
28、ion purposes only.)The AWS Committee on Piping and Tubing has, during its more than forty years of service, contributed much usefulinformation to the pipe welding field. One important item in this regard was the publishing in 1979 of the original ver-sion of AWS D10.12-79, Recommended Practices and
29、Procedures for Welding Plain Carbon Steel Pipe.D10.12-79 standard was intended as a teaching/learning aid for the welder with little or no pipe welding experience.It also presented detailed procedures for pipe welding with the shielded metal arc (SMAW), oxyacetylene (OAW), gastungsten arc (GTAW), an
30、d gas metal arc (GMAW) welding processes.The next revision, ANSI/AWS D10.12-89, Recommended Practices and Procedures for Low Carbon Steel Pipe, includesnew welding procedures for flux cored arc welding (FCAW). It is the result of several years of discussion aimed at pro-ducing a revised standard whi
31、ch is more accurate and easier to understand. It also contains an annex which explains theuse of the “nick break” test, which can be of great value in quickly determining the ability of a welding procedure or awelder to produce sound welds.This present version, AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Wel
32、ding Mild Steel Pipe, is written with hard metricunits and U.S. Customary Units and includes new welding filler materials.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing, American Welding Society, 550
33、N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.viTable of ContentsPage No.Personnel iiiForeword. vList of Tables. viiiList of Figures. viii1. Scope .12. Reference Documents 12.1 AWS Pipe Standard Welding Procedure Specifications .23. General23.1 Pipe Steels.23.2 Cleanliness 23.3 Preheating .23.4 Joint Preparati
34、on .23.5 Alignment and Tack Welding .23.6 Welding Positions .23.7 Weld Appearance 23.8 Small Diameter Piping33.9 Welding Fittings43.10 Safety and Health44. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using E6010 Electrode and the Downhill Method .44.1 Application44.2 Setting the Current 44.3 Tack Welding 44.4
35、 Root Pass (First Pass)74.5 Manipulating the Electrode.74.6 Cleaning Between Passes74.7 Second Pass (Hot Pass).74.8 Fill, Stripper, and Cap Passes75. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using E6010 or E6011 Electrodes and the Uphill Method.75.1 Application75.2 Joint Preparation .105.3 Setting the Curr
36、ent 105.4 Root Pass.105.5 Cleaning Between Passes105.6 Fill and Cap Passes .106. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using E7018 Low Hydrogen Electrodes .116.1 Application116.2 Striking the Arc.116.3 Welding Technique .116.4 Slag Removal 127. Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFW) of Pipe .127.1 Application127.2 S
37、afe Practices12vii7.3 Welding Techniques127.4 Appearance of Finished Weld.158. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Pipe158.1 Application158.2 Purging158.3 Electrode Shape 158.4 Welding Technique .158.5 Joint Preparation and Alignment 158.6 Appearance of Finished Welds .159. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMA
38、W) and Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) of Steel Pipe159.1 Application of the GMAW Process 159.2 Application of the Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) Process.179.3 Initiating the Arc179.4 Travel Speed179.5 Gas Shielding189.6 Cleaning 1810. Flux Cored Arc WeldingSelf-Shielded (
39、FCAW-S) 1810.1 Application1810.2 Root Pass Techniques Using 1.7 mm (0.068 in.) E71T-13 Electrode.1810.3 Welding Techniques for Balance of Weld.2011. Nick Break Test2312. Safety and Health 2312.1 Fumes and Gases 2312.2 Radiation.2312.3 Electrical Hazards .2412.4 Fire Prevention2412.5 Burn Protection
40、.2512.6 Further Information.25Annex APipe Standard Welding Procedure Specifications .27Annex BGlossary of Terms29Annex CRequired Filler Metal per Joint for Mild Steel Pipe31Annex DInspection and Testing.35Annex EGuidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries for AWS Technical Committees37AWS List
41、 of Documents on Piping and Tubing Welding.39viiiList of TablesTable Page No.C1 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with SMAW Process Using E6010Electrode with Electrode Pressure for Root Pass.6C2 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with SMAW Process Using E6010 Electrode
42、10C3 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with SMAW Process Using E6010and E7018 Electrodes.13C4 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with OFW Process .16C5 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with GTAW Process.17C6 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints W
43、elded with GMAW Process .18C7 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with GMAW Process for Root Passand Gas Shielded FCAW Process for Fill and Cap Passes 19C8 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with Self-Shielded FCAW Process 21C9 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints
44、Welded with SMAW Process for Root Passand Self-Shielded FCAW Process for Fill and Cap Passes22C1 Filler Metal Required per Joint for Mild Steel Pipe.32List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Terminology for Butt Joint.22 External Pipe Clamps.33 Welding PositionPipe Welds 44 Socket Joint 45 Typical Welding F
45、ittings and Flanges56 Picture of Large Hole at End of Tack Weld .77 Keyhole Size Controls Weld Quality .88 Typical Pass Sequence and Terminology for Downhill Welding.89 Effect of Electrode Work Angle on Pass Shape.910 Effect of Electrode Travel Angle on Joint Penetration 911 Grinding to Improve Root
46、 Pass Contour912 Electrode Movement for Uphill WeldingRoot Pass.1113 Electrode Movement for Uphill Fill Passes .1214 Typical Side-to-Side Weave Used for Uphill Last Pass (Cap Pass).1215 One-Pass Forehand Oxyacetylene Welding .1416 One-Pass Backhand Oxyacetylene Welding 1417 Position of Gas Nozzle, C
47、ontact Tip, and Pipe (GMAW or FCAW-G) .2018 Position of Gun Nozzle, Contact Tip, and Work Piece (FCAW-S)23C1 Typical Joint.311AWS D10.12M/D10.12:20001. ScopeThis guide is intended to cover such piping systems aslow pressure heating, air-conditioning, refrigeration, andwater supply, as well as some g
48、as and chemical systems.These procedures include detailed welding process tech-niques that may be useful for teaching welders. Pro-cesses included are Shielded Metal Arc Welding(SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tung-sten Arc Welding (GTAW), Gas Shielded Flux CoredArc Welding (FCAW-G) Flux Co
49、red Arc WeldingSelf-Shielded (FCAW-S), and Oxyfuel Welding (OFW).Qualification of these procedures to any welding stan-dard is the responsibility of the user. This document doesnot address the needs of pipe steels or service conditionswhich may require post weld heat treatment (PWHT).This standard makes use of both the International Sys-tem of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The mea-surements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem must be used independently of the other withoutcombining in any way. The standard with the designationD10.12:2000M us
