1、RecommendedPractices forGas TungstenArc Welding ofTitanium Pipingand TubingAWS D10.6/D10.6M:2000An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126AWS D10.6/D10.6M:2000An American National StandardApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteFebruary 11, 2000Recommended Pract
2、ices forGas Tungsten Arc Weldingof Titanium Piping and TubingSupersedes ANSI/AWS D10.6-91Prepared byAWS D10 Committee on Piping and TubingUnder the Direction ofAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved byAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis standard summarizes information on the welding of titanium.
3、It explains the special precautions necessary to shieldthe molten and hot metal from atmospheric contamination. Various methods of checking weld quality are also presented.Key Words Joint design, filler metals, preweld cleaning, gas shielding weld quality tests, preheat and postweld heat treatment,
4、arc welding, recommended practice, titanium pipe, gas tungstenarc weldingiiStatement on Use of AWS American National StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have
5、been developed in accordance with the rules of the AmericanNational Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that areincluded in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carrythe ful
6、l legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by thegovernmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In allcases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other
7、 document that invokes the AWS standards.Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be byagreement between the contracting parties.International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-623-2American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Mia
8、mi, FL 33126 2000 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaAWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. W
9、hile AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons
10、 or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on thisstandard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informat
11、ion published herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or onbehalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rel
12、y on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the adviceof a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Pub
13、lication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringementof any patent resulting from the use or reliance on this standard.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.
14、Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writ-ing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126(see Annex B). With regard to technical inquiries made concer
15、ning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards maybe rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. Theseindividuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpre-
16、tations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing. It must be reviewedevery 5 years and if not revised, it must be either reappro
17、ved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, ordeletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed toAWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubingand the aut
18、hor of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited toattend all meetings of the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing to express their comments verbally. Procedures forappeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rul
19、es of Operation of the TechnicalActivities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeuneRoad, Miami, FL 33126.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal,
20、oreducational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that theappropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400;online: http:/.iiiPersonnelAWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubin
21、gW. J. Sperko, Chair Sperko Engineering ServicesM. C. Shepard, 1st Vice Chair Litwin Engineers and ConstructionD. J. Connell, 2nd Vice Chair Detroit EdisonT. R. Potter, Secretary American Welding SocietyF. G. Armao Aluminum Company of AmericaR. E. Avery Avery ConsultingW. L. Ballis Columbia Gas Dist
22、ributionC. Bishop Medical Gas ManagementC. Bloch Philip Technical ServiceH. W. Ebert Exxon Research and Engineering CompanyW. R. Etie ConsultantS. Findlan Electric Power Research Institute*E. A. Harwart ConsultantG. K. Hickox ConsultantJ. Hill Philip Technical Services (formerly Hill Technical Servi
23、ces)J. E. Hinkel Consultant, The Lincoln Electric Company*R. B. Kadiyala Techalloy CompanyM. P. Lang United Association, Local 501B. B. MacDonald United AssociationL. A. Maier, Jr. Bethlehem Welding and Safety SupplyJ. W. McEnerney Gibson TubeP. A . M i ch a l s k i East Ohio Gas*J. W. Moeller Consu
24、ltantW. F. Newell, Jr. W. F. Newell and Associates, IncorporatedE. Piet Med-ConL. Seum ConsultantG. K. Sosnin ConsultantP. A . Tew s CRC-Evans Automatic WeldingK. L. Thompson The Peoples Natural Gas CompanyJ. Tidwell Fluor DanielG. J. Tucker AIM Testing LaboratoryD. F. Weaver Fluor DanielR. R. Wrigh
25、t Moody-Tottrup InternationalAWS D10K Subcommittee on Titanium PipingD. J. Connell, Chair Detroit EdisonT. R. Potter, Secretary American Welding SocietyW. L. Ballis Columbia Gas DistributionE. A. Harwart ConsultantG. K. Hickox ConsultantJ. Hill Philip Technical Services (formerly Hill Technical Serv
26、ices)W. J. Sperko Sperko Engineering Services*Advisor*CorrespondenceivForeword(This Foreword is not a part of AWS D10.6/D10.6M:2000, Recommended Practices for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding ofTitanium Piping and Tubing, but is included for information purposes only.)Welding of titanium piping is done prim
27、arily with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process, though other weldingmethods are used to join other titanium product forms and components. Since this standard deals only with titanium pip-ing and tubing, this document is confined to a discussion of gas tungsten arc welding.The first version of D10.6
28、 was published in 1959 as a Committee ReportGas Tungsten Arc Welding of TitaniumPiping and Tubing. This document was revised and updated in 1973 under the same title.In 1985, the standard was rewritten as ANSI/AWS D10.6-85, Recommended Practices for Gas Tungsten Arc Weldingof Titanium Pipe and Tubin
29、g. This version contained a large amount of added information on weld shielding and testingfor weld quality.In 1991 a revision was issued that included the newer alloys and filler metals and to “fine tune” much of the informa-tion previously presented.The present document incorporates results of wor
30、k done on the affects of atmospheric exposure during welding. Rec-ommended maximum exposure temperature has been lowered and the affects of high temperature exposure was revised.Editorial revisions were made throughout.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They s
31、hould be sent to the Secretary,Piping and Tubing Committee, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.vTable of ContentsPage No.Personnel iiiForewordivList of TablesviList of Figuresvi1. Scope .12. Referenced Documents .13. Basic Information14. Welding Process 25. Power Source
32、s .26. Tungsten Electrodes 27. Titanium Grades (Base Metal) 28. Filler Metals 28.1 Filler Metal Classification 28.2 Welding Rod Size .28.3 Filler Metal Application .29. Joint Design.410. Joint Preparation411. Pickling and Cleaning .411.1 Pickling Procedure411.2 Other Cleaning Procedures.512. Fitting
33、 and Tacking512.1 Accuracy.512.2 Clamping 512.3 Tack Welding513. Preweld Cleaning 513.1 Joints.513.2 Filler Metal .514. Gas Shielding 514.1 Gas Used.514.2 Gas Distribution514.3 Trailing Shields.614.4 Gas Nozzles614.5 Root Shielding614.6 Torch Shielding Gas and Purge Test.714.7 Chamber Welding.715. W
34、elding Procedures and Techniques.715.1 Welding Conditions 715.2 Typical Welding Settings815.3 Technique .8viPage No.16. Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment.916.1 Preheat 916.2 Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT).917. Weld Quality Tests 1017.1 Bend Testing.1017.2 Hardness Testing 1017.3 Radiographic Exami
35、nation .1017.4 Color.1017.5 Other Tests1018. Safety and Health 1118.1 Combustible Powders .1118.2 Chemical Safety1118.3 General .11Annex ASafety Considerations 13Annex BGuidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries for AWS Technical Committees17AWS List of Documents on Pipe and Tube Welding19vii
36、List of TablesTable Page No.1 Chemical Composition Requirements of Base Metal (from ASTM B 337)32 Tensile Strength Requirements of Base Metal (from ASTM B 337).33 Chemical Composition Requirements for Titanium Filler MetalsWeight Percent 34 Time of Purge Prior to Welding (for Ten Volumes Displacemen
37、t) 75 Typical Conditions for Manual Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Titanium Pipe96 Bend Diameters for Testing Specimens .107 Significance of Weld Color and Remedies 10List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Titanium Pipe Joint Design42 Gas Purging and Assembly Clamping Device .63 Trailing Shield for Circumfere
38、ntial Welds When the Pipe is Rotated .74 Puddle Test Used for Testing Effectiveness of Torch Shielding Gas and Back-Purge 81AWS D10.6/D10.6M:20001. ScopeThis document summarizes information on the weld-ing of titanium pipe.1The information has been collectedfrom the welding literature and from vario
39、us companyshops and laboratories. The document is intended toserve as a welding guide.This standard makes use of both U.S. CustomaryUnits and the International System of Units (SI). Themeasurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system must be used independently of the otherwithout com
40、bining in any way. The standard with thedesignation D10.6:2000 uses U.S. Customary Units. Thestandard designation D10.6M:2000 uses SI units. Thelatter are shown within parenthesis ( ) or in appropriatecolumns in tables and figures.2. Reference Documents(1) AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Defini
41、tions(2) AWS A5.12, Specification for Tungsten and Tung-sten Alloy Electrodes for Arc Welding and Cutting(3) AWS A5.16, Specification for Titanium and Tita-nium Alloy Welding Rods and Electrodes(4) AWS A5.32/A5.32M, Specification for WeldingShielding Gases(5) AWS B1.10, Guide for the Nondestructive
42、Exami-nation of Welds(6) AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for MechanicalTesting of Welds(7) AWS C5.5, Recommended Practices for GasTungsten Arc Welding1. Where pipe is used in this document, it refers to both pipingand tubing.(8) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting and AlliedProcesses (available from t
43、he American Welding Society)(9) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(10) AWS Welding Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 1,Chapter 16, “Safe Practices”(11) AWS Welding Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 4,Chapter 9, “Titanium and Titanium Alloys”(12) AWS Fumes and Gases in the Welding Environment(13) American Con
44、ference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists (ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values for Chem-ical Substances and Physical Agents in the WorkroomEnvironment2(14) ANSI Z41.1, Safety-Toe Footwear2(15) ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Edu-cational Eye and Face Protection3(16) NFPA No. 70, National Ele
45、ctrical Code4(17) Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA), Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor,Chapter XVII, Part 1901.1 to 1910.145053. Basic InformationIn general, titanium pipe can be welded using GasTungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) techniques similar to thoseused for welding stain
46、less steel pipe. However, the fol-lowing paragraphs describe two fundamental differences2. ACGIH documents are available from the American Confer-ence of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 KemperMeadow Drive, Suite 600, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.3. ANSI standards may be obtained from the Ameri
47、canNational Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd Street, 13th Floor,New York, NY 10036.4. Available from National Fire Protection Association, BatteryMarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.5. OSHA standards may be obtained from the U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, DC 20402.Recommended Practices for
48、 Gas TungstenArc Welding of Titanium Piping and TubingAWS D10.6/D10.6M:20002that must be understood before satisfactory welds can bemade.Titanium, at temperatures above 800F (427C), losesits oxidation resistance and absorbs oxygen, nitrogen andhydrogen. Enrichment of these elements embrittles thewel
49、d metal and the surface of the heat-affected zone.Molten titanium reacts strongly with practically allmaterials, including refractories and carbon. The reactionproducts can impair the corrosion resistance, ductility,and toughness of the welded pipe joint.The above differences make it necessary that the weldand adjacent heated areas on the inside and the outside ofthe pipe be thoroughly shielded from the atmospherewhile at temperatures above 800F (427C) or the subse-quently contaminated surface areas should be removed.Equally important, the parts to be welded must
