1、AWWA Standard SM Aluminum Sulfate Liquid, Ground, or Lump Effective date: Nov. 1, 2016. First edition approved by AWWA June 25, 1942. This edition approved June 19, 2016. Approved by American National Standards Institute March 31, 2016. ANSI/AWWA B403-16 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B403-09) Copyright 201
2、6 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally con
3、tained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product
4、or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent
5、a consensus of the water industry that the product described will provide satisfactory ser- vice. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal American Water Works Association. The action becomes
6、 effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American Nation
7、al Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using produ
8、cts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encour - aged to state on their own responsibi
9、lity in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the
10、ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive cur
11、rent information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-178-1 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-389-3 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.12999/A
12、WWA.B403.16 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without
13、 the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2016 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied
14、, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Iron Salts, Aluminum Salts, and Related Coagulant Aids,
15、 which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Glenn R. Evers, Chair Jan J. Pavlicek, Vice-Chair General Interest Members M.B. Alvarez, CH2M, Coral Gables, Fla. (AWWA) K-K Au, FMC Global Peroxygens, Naperville, Ill. (AWWA) J.D. Edwards, Westerville,
16、Ohio (AWWA) G.R. Evers, IS2 LLC, Hockessin, Del. (AWWA) J.J. Gemin, AECOM, Kitchener, Ont., Canada (AWWA) P.H. Hargette, Black & Veatch Corporation, Greenville, S.C. (AWWA) S. Heidary-Monfared, EIT, Edmonton, Alta., Canada (AWWA) G.A. Iversen, Hazen and Sawyer, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA) D. Larson,* St. L
17、ouis, Mo. (AWWA) C.B. Lind, Mauser USA LLC, East Brunswick, N.J. (AWWA) J.W. Patterson, J.W. Patterson Environmental Consultants, Chicago, Ill. (AWWA) S.J. Posavec,* Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) B.H. Wilder, Daytona Beach, Fla. (AWWA) Producer Members T.A. Badwak, USALCO LLC,
18、Baltimore, Md. (AWWA) J.P. Crass, Ventura, Calif. (AWWA) D.E. Gordon, QC Corporation, Baltimore, Md. (AWWA) L.N. Hjersted, Agro Iron, Lakeland, Fla. (AWWA) B. Keogh, B.I.K. Water Technologies, Dundas, Ont., Canada (AWWA) J.J. Pavlicek, Detroit, Mich. (AWWA) K.E. Ruehl, Chemtrade Logistics, Ballwin,
19、Mo. (AWWA) G. Shull, Yantis, Texas (AWWA) B. Wodetzki, PVS Chemicals Inc., Valparaiso, Ind. (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Alternate Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iv User Members J.M. Carroll, East Lansing-Meridian Water, East Lansing, Mich. (AWWA) L.V. Landry, Co
20、nsolidated Waterworks/Sewerage District Number 1, Princeton, La. (AWWA) C.A. Owen, Tampa Bay Water, Clearwater, Fla. (AWWA) B.K. Parsons, City of Greensboro, Greensboro, N.C. (AWWA) R.S. Smith, Louisville Water Co., Louisville, Ky. (AWWA) J.S. Trotter, City of Bloomington Utilities, Bloomington, Ind
21、. (AWWA) Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Background . vii I
22、.B History . viii I.C Acceptance . viii II Special Issues ix II.A Safety and Spill Control . ix II.B Protective Equipment x II.C First Aid x II.D Spill-Control Considerations . x III Use of This Standard . x III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives . x III.B Modification to Standard . xi IV Major Re
23、visions xi V Comments . xi Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Physical Requirements . 3 4.2 Chemical Requirements 4 4.3 Impurities 4 5 Verification 5.1 Sampling . 5 5.2 Test ProceduresGeneral . 6 5.3 Specific Gravity .
24、 6 5.4 Water-Insoluble Matter 6 5.5 Total Soluble Alumina and Aluminum 7 5.6 Total Water-Soluble Iron . 10 5.7 Ferric Iron . 12 5.8 Ferrous Iron 12 5.9 Basicity or Free Acid 13 5.10 Total Alumina Alternative Method . 14 5.11 Notice of Nonconformance . 16 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 16 6.2 Packaging and S
25、hipping 17 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 18 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B403.
26、I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Coagulation of suspended and colloidal particles in water using various forms of aluminum sulfate has been known since the seventeenth century. Although historical details are lacking, in the early days of water purification by coagulation, lump or slab forms of alu
27、minum sulfate were dissolved and added to the water in solution form. Sommerville, N.J., was probably the first utility in the United States serving potable water to use this treatment method on a more or less continuous basis. Shortly thereafter, numerous plants adopted this method, including the H
28、ackensack (N.J.) Water Company and those of the former American Water Works and Electric Company. The terms filter alum , papermakers alum, and commercial alum all refer to the same chemical: aluminum sulfate. Aluminum sulfate, as produced in tonnage quantities, has the formula Al 2(SO 4 ) 3 nH 2 O,
29、 where n is approximately 14 waters of crystalliza- tion instead of 18, which is the true crystalline form. The purpose of producing a form of aluminum sulfate that has 14 waters of crystallization is twofold. First, it is stable and gains or loses water slowly under adverse storage conditions. Seco
30、nd, aluminum sulfate having 14 waters of crystallization is approximately 12 percent stronger than aluminum sulfate having 18 waters of crystallization. Using the more concentrated form of the chemical reduces the tonnage to be handled, reduces chemical storage requirements, and saves the consumer t
31、ransportation costs. Several other “dry alums” are used in treating swimming pool water and certain industrial waters. These products are “true alums,” which are double salts containing 24 waters of crystallization, such as ammonia alum Al 2(SO 4 ) 3(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 24H 2 O and potash alum Al 2(SO 4 )
32、 3 K 2 SO 4 24H 2 O. These specialty alums are excellent coag- ulants but have a lower Al 2 O 3content and are not widely used compared with alu- minum sulfate. Commercial liquid alum is shipped as a relatively clear, stable solution that contains up to 48.5 percent by weight dry product. In recent
33、years, manufacturers have built production plants in areas of high consumption, and now the United States has many alum-producing plants. * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserv
34、ed.viii Aluminum sulfate is prepared from aluminum hydroxide, alumina trihydrate, or alumina-bearing ores, such as clay and bauxite. The aluminum ore is ground to a required fineness and digested with sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures. Insoluble materials are removed by sedimentation. The super
35、natant solution is either decanted and sold in liquid form or concentrated and allowed to crystallize into a solid, dry hydrated product. The aluminum oxide content of the liquid is limited to about 8 percent Al 2 O 3to avoid crystallization in transit and storage. The solid, dry hydrated product us
36、ually contains 17 percent Al 2 O 3 . Liquid alum may be received and stored in corrosion-resistant tanks and transferred through appropriate liquid-metering devices directly into the water at the desired point of application. I.B. History. A specification for Sulphate of Alumina was published in 192
37、5 by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) in its Water Works Practice Manual.* On June 25, 1942, AWWA adopted the Emergency Alternate Specifications for Sulphate of Alumina, which relaxed some provisions and allowed the chemical to be made from lower-quality raw materials. (As a wartime measu
38、re, higher-quality bauxite had been diverted to the aluminum-metals industry.) In 1952, AWWAs committee upgraded the standard under the guidance of J.E. Kerslake, with Paul Tamer acting as referee for the comments from producers and consumers. The standard was revised in 1958 to include liquid alumi
39、num sulfate. Other revisions were made in 1964, 1969, 1970, 1982, 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2009. This edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 19, 2016. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a cons
40、ortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Healt
41、h and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local
42、agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health * Water Works Practice Manual. AWWA, New York (1925). Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. Copyright 2016 American Water Works
43、 Association. All Rights Reserved.ix effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF*: NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61
44、, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdictions. Accreditatio
45、n of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The
46、 MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B403 addresses additives requirements
47、 in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.3 is a recommenda- tion only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredit
48、ed certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects (http:/www.nsf.org/newsroom_pdf/ NSF-ANSI_60_watemarked.pdf). However, users of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should
49、also con- sult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. II.A. Safety and Spill Control. Aluminum sulfate is a buffered acidic solution that causes irritation when it comes in contact with the eyes, skin, or mucous membranes. Protective clothing a
