1、ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 Revision of ANSI/ESD S6.1-2009 For the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible Items Grounding Electrostatic Discharge Association 7900 Turin Road, Bldg. 3 Rome, NY 13440 An American National Standard Approved October 10, 2014 ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 ESD Association Standard
2、for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible Items - Grounding Approved September 24, 2013 ESD Association ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 Electrostatic Discharge Association (ESDA) standards and publications are designed to serve the public interest by eliminating misunderstandings between manufact
3、urers and purchasers, facilitating the interchangeability and improvement of products and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining the proper product for his particular needs. The existence of such standards and publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of the
4、 Association from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such standards and publications. Nor shall the fact that a standard or publication is published by the Association preclude its voluntary use by non-members of the Association whether the document is to be used either domestically
5、 or internationally. Recommended standards and publications are adopted by the ESDA in accordance with the ANSI Patent policy. Interpretation of ESDA Standards: The interpretation of standards in-so-far as it may relate to a specific product or manufacturer is a proper matter for the individual comp
6、any concerned and cannot be undertaken by any person acting for the ESDA. The ESDA Standards Chairman may make comments limited to an explanation or clarification of the technical language or provisions in a standard, but not related to its application to specific products and manufacturers. No othe
7、r person is authorized to comment on behalf of the ESDA on any ESDA Standard. THE CONTENTS OF ESDAS STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE PROVIDED “AS-IS,” AND ESDA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO SUCH CONTENTS. ESDA DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS AN
8、D WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. ESDA STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE CONSIDERED TECHNICALLY SOUND AT THE TIME THEY ARE APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION. THEY ARE NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR A PRODUCT SELL
9、ERS OR USERS OWN JUDGEMENT WITH RESPECT TO ANY PARTICULAR PRODUCT DISCUSSED, AND ESDA DOES NOT UNDERTAKE TO GUARANTEE THE PERFORMANCE OF ANY INDIVIDUAL MANUFACTURERS PRODUCTS BY VIRTUE OF SUCH STANDARDS OR PUBLICATIONS. THUS, ESDA EXPRESSLY DISLAIMS ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAGES ARISING FROM THE US
10、E, APPLICATION, OR RELIANCE BY OTHERS ON THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THESE STANDARDS OR PUBLICATIONS. NEITHER ESDA, NOR ITS MEMBERS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES OR OTHER REPRESENTATIVES WILL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF, OR IN CONNECTION WITH, THE USE OR MISUSE OF ESDA STANDARDS OR PUBLICATIONS, EV
11、EN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. THIS IS A COMPREHENSIVE LIMITATION OF LIABILITY THAT APPLIES TO ALL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF DATA, INCOME OR PROFIT, LOSS OF OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY AND CLAIMS OF THIRD PARTIES. Published by: Electrostatic Discharge Associatio
12、n 7900 Turin Road, Bldg. 3 Rome, NY 13440 Copyright 2014 by ESD Association All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America IS
13、BN: 1-58537-268-4CAUTION NOTICE DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES DISCLAIMER OF GUARANTY LIMITATION ON ESDAs LIABILITY ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 i (This foreword is not part of ESD Association Standard ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014) FOREWORD The single most important concept in the field of static control is grounding. Attach
14、ing all electrically conductive and dissipative items in the workplace to ground allows built-up electrostatic charges to equalize with ground potential. A grounded conductor (includes dissipative items) cannot hold a static charge. Electrically interconnecting all electrically conductive and dissip
15、ative items (bonding) allows charge to equalize across these items without actual contact to ground. This provides static control in areas where an actual connection to ground may not be accessible, such as in a field service environment. Electrically bonded conductors and dissipative items share st
16、ored electrical charge and therefore have no difference in electrical potential between them. Many types of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) susceptible parts can be handled within a bonded system without causing damage. Grounding of conductors for static control purposes may not provide sufficient gro
17、unding for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) reduction or control. Low impedance electrical connections are required for EMI grounding and bonding while static grounding can be accomplished with relatively high resistance in connection points as well as along the discharge path. Users of this docum
18、ent need to consider the National Electric Code or other applicable laws and electrical system designs and specifications in the country where an ESD control program plan is being implemented. This standard1 was originally approved on September 24, 1991 and was designated EOS/ESD-S6.1-1991. ANSI/ESD
19、 S6.1-1999 was a reaffirmation, re-designation of EOS/ESD-S6.1-1991 and approved on May 16, 1999. ANSI/ESD S6.1-2005 was a reaffirmation of ANSI/ESD S6.1-1999 and approved on June 12, 2005. ANSI/ESD S6.1-2009 was a reaffirmation of ANSI/ESD S6.1-2005 and was approved on May 18, 2009. Two editorial c
20、hanges were made in ANSI/ESD S6.1-2009: edited one sentence removing the word “ground” from “groundable point ground”; and added a clarification sentence in paragraph 7.2.2 to reinforce the point that the AC equipment grounding conductor needs to be measured while evaluating systems with both AC equ
21、ipment ground and Auxiliary ground. ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 is a revision of ANSI/ESD S6.1-2009 and was approved on September 24, 2013. At the time ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 was prepared, the 6.0 Grounding Subcommittee had the following members: David E. Swenson, Chairperson Affinity Static Control Consulting,
22、L.L.C. Ron Gibson Advanced Static Control Consulting John Kinnear, Jr. IBM The following individuals contributed to the development of ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014: Thomas Albano Exelis, Inc. Geospatial Systems Gene Monroe NASA LARC 1 ESD Association Standard (S): A precise statement of a set of requirements
23、to be satisfied by a material, product, system or process that also specifies the procedures for determining whether each of the requirements is satisfied. ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 ii At the time ANSI/ESD S6.1-2009 was prepared, the 6.0 Grounding Subcommittee had the following members: David E. Swenson, C
24、hairperson Affinity Static Control Consulting, L.L.C. John Kinnear, Jr. IBM At the time ANSI/ESD S6.1-2005 was prepared, the 6.0 Grounding Subcommittee had the following members: David E. Swenson, Chairperson Affinity Static Control Consulting, L.L.C. Steven Gerken United States Air Force Ronald Gib
25、son Celestica International, Inc. John Kinnear, Jr. IBM Johanna Morris Components Intel de Costa Rica Karen Yi Lockheed Martin The following individuals contributed to the development of ANSI/ESD S6.1-2005: Arizona Chapter ESD Association Harold K. Aronson Work Surfaces Corporation Les Avery Sarnoff
26、 Corporation Godfrey (Ben) Baumgartner Lockheed Michael T. Brandt Marketing Resources, Ltd. Stephen Halperin SH b) auxiliary ground; c) equipotential bonding. ESD grounding/bonding reference point. The physical location where the common point ground is connected to the selected ESD grounding/bonding
27、 reference system. ESD technical elements. All of the items, materials, devices, tools and equipment used within an EPA for the control of static electricity. Level 2 technical elements. Any ESD technical element that is connected in series to common point ground or to a common connection point (equ
28、ipotential bonding) through another technical element. 2 EOS/ESD Association, Inc., 7900 Turin Road, Bldg. 3, Rome, NY 13440, 315-339-6937, www.esda.org 3 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101 ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 2 4.0 PERSONNEL SAFETY
29、The procedures and equipment described in this document may expose personnel to hazardous electrical conditions. Users of this document are responsible for selecting equipment that complies with applicable laws, regulatory codes and both external and internal policy. Users are cautioned that this do
30、cument cannot replace or supersede any requirements for personnel safety. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) and other safety protection should be considered wherever personnel might come into contact with electrical sources. Electrical hazard reduction practices should be exercised and proper
31、 grounding instructions for equipment shall be followed. The resistance measurements obtained through the use of this standard shall not be used to determine the relative safety of personnel exposed to high voltage sources. 5.0 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS All of the ESD technical elements used in the EPA
32、 shall be connected to a common point ground or common connection point which is bonded to the selected ESD grounding/bonding reference system. 5.1 ESD Grounding/Bonding Reference Systems The application and the physical environment will dictate the choice of the actual grounding system that will pr
33、ovide the best overall ESD protective system. The user of this document must select from the following options in order to establish the ESD grounding/bonding reference system (see Sections 5.1.1, 5.1.2, and 5.1.3). 5.1.1 AC Equipment Ground Within an EPA, the AC equipment ground is the preferred gr
34、ound system when it is available. The equipment grounding conductor electrically bonds the AC equipment ground to the ground bus at the main service equipment panel of the facility. AC equipment within the EPA and all of the ESD technical elements will be at the same electrical potential when this s
35、ystem is used. See Figures 1, 1A, 2, 5, and 6. 5.1.2 Auxiliary Ground Some facilities require the use of a separate ground system. When this is the case, the auxiliary ground shall be bonded to the AC equipment ground when possible. In the event that it is not possible to electrically bond the two g
36、round systems, it should be noted that AC equipment and the ESD technical elements bonded to the auxiliary ground might be at significantly different electrical potentials (100 volts or more). See Figures 1, 1A, and 2. The US National Electrical Code (NFPA 70) allows an auxiliary ground system to re
37、main separate from the AC equipment ground but may not be used in place of the AC equipment grounding conductor for equipment grounding. The auxiliary ground may be used to provide a local ground reference connection for electrical equipment for specific purposes such as lightning protection (Sectio
38、n 250.54). For ESD grounding considerations, this standard will follow the rules stated in Section 250.94 of NFPA 70. This section requires that separate but related grounding systems be bonded together to avoid differences in potential from power surges or lightning strikes on one or the other grou
39、nd system. This ESD Association standard has established 25 ohms as the resistance between an auxiliary ground and the AC equipment ground to ensure equalized electrical potential between the grounding systems. ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 3 5.1.3 Equipotential Bonding Electrically interconnecting all of the
40、ESD technical elements, the personnel within the work area, and the equipment under service, will equalize electrical potential between the items to allow safe handling of ESD susceptible items. See Figure 3. 5.2 Connections to the ESD Grounding/Bonding Reference Point All ESD technical elements use
41、d in the EPA must be electrically connected to the selected ESD grounding/bonding reference point. 5.2.1 Common Point Ground All of the grounding conductors from each of the ESD technical elements (excluding level 2 technical elements) used within an EPA shall be terminated at the same electrically
42、equivalent point called the common point ground. The common point ground may be a terminal strip, bus bar or any other convenient configuration that is, within itself, electrically continuous to no greater than 1 ohm measured from point to point with an ohmmeter as specified in Section 6.1.1. See Fi
43、gures 1, 1A, and 1B. Figure 1: Common Point Ground Concept (Simple) Metal Chassis or Conduit (Common Point Ground) Wrist Strap (example) AC Equipment Ground Auxiliary Ground Worksurface 6.1.1.2014 ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 4 Figure 1A Basic EPA Grounding System with Common Point Ground NOTE: The floor or f
44、loor mat may not have a distinct or identified electrical bonding connection to the common point ground, AC equipment ground or an Auxiliary ground as indicated by the dotted arrows in Figure 1A. Measurements of electrical resistance from the surface of the floor or floor mat to the ground reference
45、 system are necessary to confirm that an electrical bond is present. Figure 1B Common Point Ground (example only) (Gp: Groundable Point) AC Equipment Ground Auxiliary Ground Metal Chassis or Conduit (Common Point Ground) Shelf Worksurface Wrist Strap ESD Floor/Mat Standing Person (Level 2) Chair (Le
46、vel 2) Cart Cart with Conductive Wheels (Level 2) 6.1.1a.2014 6.1.1b.2014 ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 5 5.2.2 Auxiliary Ground System An auxiliary ground should be bonded to the equipment ground to ensure that there is no difference in electrical potential between the two systems. See Figure 2. Figure 2 Work
47、station with Two Common Point Grounds to an Auxiliary Ground NOTE: The floor or floor mat may not have a distinct or identified electrical bonding connection to the common point ground, AC equipment ground or an Auxiliary ground as indicated by the dotted line arrows in Figure 2. Measurements of ele
48、ctrical resistance from the surface of the floor or floor mat to the ground reference system are necessary to confirm that an electrical bond is present. 5.2.3 Equipotential Bonding Field service operations and other ESDS (ESD Susceptible item) handling situations may not have access to ground. Equi
49、potential bonding provides an ESD safe handling concept, as there is no difference in electrical potential between interconnected items. See Figure 3. Figure 3 Typical Field Service Situation using Equipotential Bonding AC Equipment Ground Auxiliary Ground Metal Chassis or Conduit Common Point Ground Metal Chassis or Conduit Common Point Ground ESD Floor/Mat Worksurface Shelf Wrist Strap Equipotential Bond (Common Connection Point) Shelf Worksurface Wrist Strap ESD Floor/Mat Person with ESD Footwear 6.1.2.2014 6.1.3.2014 ANSI/ESD S6.1-2014 6 NOTE: An installed floor may not hav
