1、 IEEE Std 90003-2008 IEEE Std 90003-2008 IEEE Guide for Measurements of Electromagnetic Properties of Earth Media Sponsored by the Wave Propagation Standards Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 30 March 2011 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society IEEE Std 356-2010(Revision ofIEEE
2、 Std 356-2001) IEEE Std 356-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 356-2001) IEEE Guide for Measurements of Electromagnetic Properties of Earth Media Sponsor Wave Propagation Standards Committee of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Approved 30 September 2010 IEEE-SA Standards Board Approved 7 June 2011
3、American National Standards Institute Abstract: Measurements of the electrical properties of naturally occurring solids are covered in the scope of this project. Not covered are methods that rely on mapping earth structure anomalies unless directly related to electrical properties. Coverage of numer
4、ical methods for forward/inverse modeling is limited. Keywords: conductivity, earth materials, electromagnetic measurement techniques, IEEE 356, permittivity, resistivity The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2011 by the Ins
5、titute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 30 March 2011. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can
6、 also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 356-2010, IEEE Guide for Measurements of Electromagnetic Properties of Earth Media. This guide represents a total rewrite of IEEE Std 356-1974, IEEE Guide for Radio Methods of Measuring E
7、arth Conductivity, which had been prepared by J. T. deBettencourt, D. Davidson, and J. R. Wait. Prior attempts to revise this guide by committees led by Dr. John Cavanaugh and Mr. George Hagn were merged into IEEE Std 356-2001. This latest version was prepared by a subcommittee of the Wave Propagati
8、on Standards Committee (WPSC) of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, chaired by Prof. David Thiel of the Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications, Griffith University. The individuals with primary responsibility for this version as well as those who contributed or made useful comments
9、are acknowledged in the participants section. An invitation is extended to users of the guide to contribute to the next revision whenever they see deficiencies or have ideas for an improvement by communicating with the WPSC Chair via email to d.thielgriffith.edu.au. The current guide covers the theo
10、ry, field methodology/measurement techniques, suggestions for further reading, and a list of references for each of the several field and laboratory techniques covered. The frequency range of applicability and the geographical extent of applicability are indicated. The current version of this standa
11、rd retains the same number, IEEE Std 356, and it is a guide that describes recommended practices rather than a standard in the strict sense of the word. It is designed to be of use to those who plan and/or make laboratory and/or field measurements of the macroscopic electromagnetic parameters (i.e.,
12、 the effective conductivity g305 in S/m, and the effective relative permittivity r) of earth media including surface soil, rocks, and ice. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard
13、 does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable
14、 laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardizatio
15、n, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. iv Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. v Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights
16、reserved. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in tim
17、e consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standa
18、rds Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, i
19、f any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards
20、.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in
21、 connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission
22、of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further informa
23、tion may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Minor Revisions Working Group had the following membership: David V. Thiel, Chair Jaideva Goswami,
24、 Vice Chair At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Wave Propagation Standards Committee (WPSC) of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) had the following membership: David V. Thiel, Chair Gregory Durgin, Secretary Garry S. Brown Michael Franc
25、is Jaideva Goswami Michael Newkirk Thomas Rubenstein Warren S. Stutzman Junho Yeo The subcommittee, the WPSC, and the AP-S appreciate the assistance of all those who contributed to this guide. The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted f
26、or approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Suresh Channarasappa Keith Chow Carlo Donati Michael Francis Randall Groves Werner Hoelzl Chad Kiger Jim Kulchisky G. Luri Edward McCall Michael Newkirk Michael S. Newman Donald Parker Ulrich Pohl Robert Robinson Thomas Rubinstein Bartien
27、Sayogo Gil Shultz Thomas Starai Warren S. Stutzman Kin Sze David V. Thiel When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 30 September 2010, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Karen Bartleso
28、n Victor Berman Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Andy Drozd Alexander Gelman Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Ronald C. Petersen Thomas Prevost Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also i
29、ncluded are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Lisa Perry IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Soo H. Kim IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Pro
30、gram Development vii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. viii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Intention . 2 1.4 Applications . 4 1.5 Document organization 5 1.6 Notation . 6 2. DC resistivity 10 2.1 Theory 10 2.2 Field methodo
31、logy . 12 2.3 Borehole resistivity 13 3. Surface impedance methods . 14 3.1 Theory 14 3.2 Field methodology . 15 4. Propagation studies . 16 4.1 Theory 16 4.2 Surface-based field methodology 17 4.3 Borehole and other underground applications . 17 5. Wave tilt methods . 17 5.1 Theory 17 5.2 Measureme
32、nt techniques . 18 6. Probe impedance (self-impedance) methods 19 6.1 Theory 19 6.2 Measurement techniques . 21 6.3 Borehole applications 22 7. Mutual impedance methods 23 7.1 Theory 23 7.2 Measurement techniques . 25 7.3 Borehole methods 26 8. Transient electromagnetic methods 26 8.1 Theory 26 8.2
33、Field procedures 27 8.3 Borehole transient electromagnetic measurements 28 ix Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 9. Time-domain reflectometry 28 9.1 Theory 28 9.2 Measurement techniques . 29 10. Ground probing radar . 30 10.1 Theory 30 10.2 Measurement techniques . 30 11. Laboratory resistivi
34、ty methods . 31 11.1 Theory 31 11.2 Practical considerations . 32 12. Capacitance methods 32 12.1 Theory 32 12.2 Experimental procedure . 32 13. Transmission line methods (laboratory) . 33 13.1 Theory 33 13.2 Measurement techniques . 34 14. Waveguide methods . 35 14.1 Theory 35 14.2 Measurement tech
35、niques . 35 15. Free-space reflection and transmission . 36 15.1 Theory 36 15.2 Experimental methods . 36 16. Microwave and millimeter-wave remote sensing . 37 16.1 Theory 37 16.2 Field methodology . 38 Annex A (informative) Glossary of symbols 39 Annex B (informative) Bibliography 42 IEEE Guide for
36、 Measurements of Electromagnetic Properties of Earth Media IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices o
37、r regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Co
38、ncerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope The scope of the project is to cover measurements of the electrical properties of naturally occurring solids. Not covered are methods that rely o
39、n mapping earth structure anomalies unless directly related to electrical properties. There is limited coverage of numerical methods for forward/inverse modeling. 1.2 Background The electromagnetic properties of earth conductivity g305 in siemens/meter (S/m), permittivity in farads/meter (F/m), and
40、magnetic permeability in henries/meter (H/m) can have a major effect upon the performance of electrical and electromagnetic systems. Examples of these systems include both communications systems and remote sensing systems. For example, the electrical properties of the earth beneath an antenna can in
41、fluence the antenna efficiency (and the need for a metallic ground plane) and radiation pattern, and these properties also can limit the effective depth of ground-penetrating radar. Many different methods and techniques have evolved for the measurement of the electrical properties of the earth at an
42、d near the surface at radio frequencies, and other methods using lower frequencies were developed for measuring the conductivity deeper into the earth for geophysical prospecting and other applications. This guide is intended to describe these methods (both the theory and field methodology) and prov
43、ide references for further reading for each method. The descriptions represent the recommended practice of these techniques. There is a further attempt to provide guidance on the limits of applicability of the methods (e.g., in frequency or in geographical context). 1 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights
44、 reserved. IEEE Std 356-2010 IEEE Guide for Measurements of Electromagnetic Properties of Earth Media This guide has been prepared by the Wave Propagation Standards Committee of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society to replace the document, IEEE Std 356-1974, IEEE Guide for Radio Methods of Meas
45、uring Earth Conductivity B1.7, which was also published by de Bettencourt et al. B1.6.1In 1974, Lytle also published a comprehensive review paper B1.15. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has published world surface conductivity maps for a number of frequency bands B1.9, although these
46、maps are no longer being updated. The curves of conductivity and relative permittivity in ITU-R Recommendation 527-3 B1.10 exhibit no dispersion in the band 3 MHZ to 30 MHz; whereas measured values show significant dispersion in this band for which surface soils typically can show characteristics fr
47、om good conductors to lossy dielectrics (King and Smith B1.12). The real and imaginary parts of the complex relative permittivity form a Hilbert transform pair. As a result, the conductivity and relative permittivity are not independent variables. Their mutual coupling is described by the KramersKro
48、nig relations (King and Smith B1.12). Therefore, the ITU values for the high-frequency (HF) band are inconsistent with the results of complex variable theory and are in error. 1.3 Intention The intent of this guide is to describe the measurement principles used to determine the electrical properties
49、 of naturally occurring solid materials, although it should also serve as a guide for the measurement of any solid material. These properties are the conductivity g305 (in S/m) and the permittivity (in F/m). The magnetic permeability (in H/m) is not considered except where it impacts on the interpretation. This is because 0(to within less than 5%) for most naturally occurring materials. Even dry, pure magnetite sand only increases rto 1.09. In free space (vacuum), the permittivity is 0= 8.854 10g23712F/m and the magnetic permeabilit
