1、American National StandardDeveloped byfor Information Technology Finger Minutiae Format for Data InterchangeINCITS 378-2009INCITS 378-2009INCITS 378-2009Revision of INCITS 378-2004American National Standard for Information Technology Finger Minutiae Format for Data InterchangeSecretariatInformation
2、Technology Industry CouncilApproved November 20, 2009American National Standards Institute, Inc.AbstractThis standard defines a method of representing fingerprint information using the concept of minutiae. It defines the placement of the minutiae on a fingerprint, a record format for containing the
3、minutiae data, and optional extensions for ridge count and core/delta information. Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.Consensus is established whe
4、n, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered
5、, and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution.The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processe
6、s, or procedures not conforming to the standards.The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American
7、 National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. T
8、he procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Instit
9、ute.American National StandardPublished byAmerican National Standards Institute, Inc. 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036Copyright 2009 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in anyform, in an electronic retrieval system
10、or otherwise,without prior written permission of ITI, 1101 K Street NW, Suite 610Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of AmericaCAUTION: The developers of this standard have requested that holders of patents that may be required for the implementation of the standard disclose such pate
11、nts to the publisher. However, neither the developers nor the publisher have undertaken a patent search in order to identify which, if any, patents may apply to this standard. As of the date of publication of this standard and following calls for the identification of patents that may be required fo
12、r the implementation of the standard, no such claims have been made. No further patent search is conducted by the de-veloper or publisher in respect to any standard it processes. No representation is made or implied that licenses are not required to avoid infringement in the use of this standard.i T
13、able of Contents 1 SCOPE.1 2 CONFORMANCE.1 3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES.1 4 NORMATIVE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 1 5 ABBREVIATED TERMS 5 6 MINUTIAE EXTRACTION6 6.1 General6 6.2 Principle6 6.3 Minutia Type 6 6.4 Minutia Location .7 6.4.1 Coordinate System . 7 6.4.2 Minutia Placement on a ridge ending 7 6.4.3 Mi
14、nutia Placement on a ridge bifurcation 7 6.4.4 Minutia Placement on Other Minutia Types 8 6.5 Minutia Direction.8 6.5.1 Angle Conventions 8 6.5.2 Angle of a ridge ending 8 6.5.3 Angle of a ridge bifurcation14 7 FINGER MINUTIAE RECORD FORMAT.18 7.1 Introduction18 7.2 Byte Order 18 7.3 Finger Minutiae
15、 Record Organization .18 7.4 Record Header.19 7.4.1 Format Identifier 19 7.4.2 Version Number 19 7.4.3 Length of Record 19 7.4.4 CBEFF Product Identifier (PID) 19 7.4.5 Capture Equipment Compliance. 20 ii 7.4.6 Capture Equipment ID . 20 7.4.7 Number of Finger Views 20 7.4.8 Reserved byte . 20 7.5 Fi
16、nger View Format 20 7.5.1 Finger View Header 20 7.5.1.5 Size of Scanned Image in X Direction. 23 7.5.1.6 Size of Scanned Image in Y Direction. 23 7.5.1.7 X (Horizontal) Resolution. 23 7.5.1.8 Y (Vertical) Resolution . 23 7.5.2 Finger Minutiae Data 24 7.6 Extended Data. 24 7.6.2 Extended Data Block S
17、tructure 25 7.6.3 Ridge Count Data Format . 26 7.6.4 Core and Delta Data Format. 30 ANNEX A (NORMATIVE) RECORD FORMAT DIAGRAMS . 36 A.1 Overall Record Format 36 A.2 Record Header 36 A.3 Finger View 37 A.4 Finger Minutiae Data 37 A.5 Extended Data. 37 ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) EXAMPLE MINUTIAE RECORD. 38
18、 B.1 Data 38 B.2 Example Data Format Diagrams. 39 B.3 Raw Data for the Resulting Minutiae Record 41 ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE) BIBLIOGRAPHY . 42 FIGURES Figure 1 Core and Delta locations 3 Figure 2 Minutia Placement on a ridge ending . 7 Figure 3 Minutia Placement on a ridge bifurcation . 8 Figure 4 Case
19、 1: Three legs of valley ridge ending with length 1.63 mm. 9 Figure 5 Case 2: One leg of valley ridge ending with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm 10 Figure 6 Case 3: Third leg meets opposite valley ridge ending with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm. 11 iii Figure 7 Case 4: Ridge with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm
20、.12 Figure 8 Ridge ending location and angle with the length of segment 1.63 mm 13 Figure 9 Ridge ending location and angle with the length of segment 1.63mm13 Figure 10 Case 1: Three legs of ridge bifurcation with length 1.63 mm .14 Figure 11 Case 2: One leg of the ridge bifurcation with length 1.6
21、3 mm but 0.51 mm.15 Figure 12 Case 3: Third leg meets the opposite ridge bifurcation with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm16 Figure 13 Case 4: Ridges with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm.16 Figure 14 Ridge bifurcation location and angle with the length of segment 1.63 mm 17 Figure 15 Ridge bifurcation location
22、 and angle with the length of segment 1.63 mm 18 Figure 16 Example ridge count data .26 Figure 17 Eight-Minutiae neighborhood28 Figure 18 Four-minutiae neighborhood.29 Figure 19 Loop 32 Figure 20 Elongated whorl 32 Figure 21 Loop 33 Figure 22 Whorl.33 Figure 23 Plain arch 33 Figure 25 - Tented Arch
23、.33 TABLES Table 1 Minutiae Record Format Summary 21 Table 2 Finger Position Codes22 Table 3 Impression Type Codes .23 Table 4 l Extended Data Area Type Codes.25 Table 5 Ridge Count Extraction Method Codes27 Table 6 Ridge Count Data Format Summary29 Table 7 Example Ridge Count Data30 Table 8 Core an
24、d Delta Data Format Summary31 ivForeword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard INCITS 378-2009.)This standard defines a method of representing fingerprint information using the con-cept of minutiae. It defines the placement of the minutiae on a fingerprint, a record format for con
25、taining the minutiae data, and optional extensions for ridge count and core/delta information.INCITS (The International Committee for Information Technology Standards) is the ANSI-recognized Standards Development Organization for information technology within the United States of America. Members of
26、 INCITS are drawn from Govern-ment, Corporations, Academia and other organizations with a material interest in the work of INCITS and its Technical Committees. INCITS does not restrict membership and attracts participants in its technical work from 13 different countries, and oper-ates under the rul
27、es of the American National Standards Institute. In the field of Biometrics, INCITS has established Technical Committee M1. Stan-dards developed by this Technical Committee have reached consensus throughout the development process and have been thoroughly reviewed through several Public Review proce
28、sses. In addition, this American National Standard has been approved by the INCITS Executive Board and ANSI Board of Standards Review for publication as an ANSI-approved INCITS standard.This document contains three annexes. Annex A is normative and is considered part of this standard. Annexes B and
29、C are informative and are not considered part of the standard.Requests for interpretation, suggestions for improvement or addenda, or defect re-ports are welcome. They should be sent to InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS), ITI, 1101 K Street, NW, Suite 610, Washingt
30、on, DC 20005. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by INCITS. Com-mittee approval of this standard does not necessarily imply that all committee mem-bers voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, INCITS had the following members: Don Wright, ChairJennif
31、er Garner, SecretaryOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAdobe Systems, Inc. Scott FosheeSteve Zilles (Alt.)AIM Global, Inc. Dan MullenCharles Biss (Alt.)Apple Computer, Inc. Kwok LauHelene Workman (Alt.)David Singer (Alt.)Distributed Managment Task Force . Tony DiCenzoJeff Hilland (Alt.)W
32、inston Bumpus (Alt.)Electronic Industries Alliance . Edward Mikoski, Jr.EMC Corporation Gary RobinsonFarance, Inc. Frank FaranceTimothy Schoechle (Alt.)Google Zaheda BhoratRobert Tai (Alt.)GS1 US Ray DelnickiFrank Sharkey (Alt.)James Chronowski (Alt.)Mary Wilson (Alt.)Organization Represented Name o
33、f RepresentativeHewlett-Packard Company .Karen HigginbottomPaul Jeran (Alt.)IBM Corporation Ronald F. SillettiRobert Weir (Alt.)IEEE Judith GormanTerry DeCourcelle (Alt.)Bill Ash (Alt.)Jodie Haasz (Alt.)Bob Labelle (Alt.)Susan Tatiner (Alt.)Intel .Philip WennblomGrace Wei (Alt.)Steven Balogh (Alt.)L
34、exmark InternationalDon WrightDwight Lewis (Alt.)Paul Menard (Alt.)Microsoft CorporationJim HughesDave Welsh (Alt.)Mark Ryland (Alt.)National Institute of Standards special cases are outlined below. The angle of the minutiae is determined by constructing three virtual rays originating at the ridge e
35、nding point and extending to the end of each leg. The smallest of the three angles formed by the rays is bisected to indicate the minutiae direction. Four cases are possible; see Figure 4 through Figure 7. In these figures, the shaded regions represent fingerprint ridges, the free-hand curved lines
36、represent the valley skeleton, and the straight lines represent the legs and horizontal axis. 6.5.2.1 Case 1 Ridge ending with all valley skeleton leg lengths 1.63 mm Figure 4 illustrates the case where the lengths of three legs, RB1, RB2, and RB3, 1.63 mm (0.064 in). The angle of the ridge ending,
37、R, is defined as: Angle of R = (Angle B1RH + Angle B2RH) / 2, where the line RH parallels the horizontal axis. INCITS 378-2009 9 If the line RH is between the two legs RB1and RB2, the angle of the ridge ending, R, is defined as: Angle of R = (Angle B1RH + Angle B2RH) / 2) - 180, where angles outside
38、 the range of 0359 shall be normalized to fall within this range. 6.5.2.2 Case 2 Ridge ending with one valley skeleton leg length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm Figure 5 illustrates a case similar to (1), but the length of one of the legs of the paralleled valley ridge ending, RB2, is 1.63 mm (0.064 in), but 0
39、.51 (0.02 in). The angle of the ridge ending, R, is defined as: Angle of R = (Angle B1RH + Angle B2RH) / 2, where the line RH parallels the horizontal axis. If the line RH is between the two legs RB1and RB2, the angle of the ridge ending, R, is defined as: Angle of R = (Angle B1RH + Angle B2RH) / 2)
40、 - 180, where angles outside the range of 0359 shall be normalized to fall within this range. NOTE While the formulas for cases (1) and (2) are identical, the cases are shown separately to illustrate how to calculate the angle for a ridge ending when it is not possible to follow a leg for 1.63 mm (0
41、.064 in). Figure 4 Case 1: Three legs of valley ridge ending with length 1.63 mm INCITS 378-2009 10 Figure 5 Case 2: One leg of valley ridge ending with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm 6.5.2.3 Case 3 Two ridge endings in close proximity Figure 6 illustrates a case similar to (1), but with the lengths of
42、two legs, R1B1and R1B2, of the paralleled valley ridge ending 1.63 mm (0.064 in), but the third leg, R1R2, meets the other valley ridge ending and the length R1R21.63 mm (0.064 in), but 0.51 mm (0.02 in). The angle of the ridge ending, R1, is defined as: Angle of R1= (Angle B1R1H + Angle B2 R1H) / 2
43、, where the line R1H parallels the horizontal axis. If the line R1H is between the two legs R1B1and R1B2, the angle of the ridge ending, R1, is defined as: Angle of R1= (Angle B1R1H + Angle B2 R1H) / 2) - 180, where angles outside the range of 0359 shall be normalized to fall within this range. INCI
44、TS 378-2009 11 Figure 6 Case 3: Third leg meets opposite valley ridge ending with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm 6.5.2.4 Case 4 Short ridge with two endings Ridge with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm Figure 7 illustrates the case where two paralleled valleys meet together at a valley ridge ending and the len
45、gth of both legs are 1.63 mm (0.064”), but 0.51 mm (0.02 in) and the length of the third leg 1.63 mm (0.064 in). The angle of the ridge ending, R1, is defined as: Angle of R1= Angle R2R1H, where the line R1H parallels the horizontal axis. If the line R1H intersects R2, the angle of the ridge ending
46、R1is 0 and the angle of the ridge ending R2is 180. INCITS 378-2009 12 Figure 7 Case 4: Ridge with length 1.63 mm but 0.51 mm 6.5.2.5 Ridge ending examples Figure 8 illustrates Case 1 above, where point R is a valley ridge ending while points B1, B2, and B3 represent the end points that lie on thinne
47、d valley skeleton lines, at a distance of 1.63 mm (0.064 in) from each end point in the direction into the enclosed ridge ending, R. The angle of the ridge ending R is the average of the angles B1RH and B2RH. Figure 9 illustrates Case 2 above, where point R is a ridge ending while points B1, B2, and
48、 B3represent the nearest valley end points. The distance between R and B2is 1.63 mm (0.064 in), but 0.51 mm (0.02 in) while the lengths of the other two legs, RB1and RB3, 1.63 mm (0.064 in). The angle of ridge ending R is the average of the angles B1RH and B2RH. INCITS 378-2009 13 Figure 8 Ridge end
49、ing location and angle with the length of segment 1.63 mm Figure 9 Ridge ending location and angle with the length of segment 1.63mm INCITS 378-2009 14 6.5.3 Angle of a ridge bifurcation Determination of the minutia direction can be extracted from each skeleton ridge bifurcation. The three legs of every skeleton ridge bifurcation must be examined and followed for 1.63 mm (0.064 in); special cases are outlined below. The angle of the minutiae is determi
