1、 Reference numberISO 19101:2002(E)ISO 2002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19101First edition2002-07-01Geographic information Reference model Information gographique Modle de rfrence Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of AN
2、SI Approval: 11/21/2002Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2002 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI).All rights reserved.These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (IS
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9、mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reservedISO 19101:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Forewordv Introductionvi 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance1 3 Normative references1 4 Terms and definitions .1 5 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4 5.1 Abbreviation
10、s.4 5.2 UML notation5 6 Concepts and organization of the reference model.5 6.1 Integration of geographic information with information technology.5 6.2 Focus of standardization in the ISO 19100 series of geographic information standards .7 6.3 Reference model organization .7 6.4 Interoperability of g
11、eographic information.8 6.4.1 Definition of interoperability.8 6.4.2 Aspects of interoperability .9 6.4.3 Interoperability in the ISO 19100 series of geographic standards .9 7 Conceptual modelling .10 7.1 Content of this clause .10 7.2 Definition of conceptual modelling10 7.3 Use of this clause 11 7
12、.4 Specification of conceptual schema language for the ISO 19100 series of geographic information standards.11 7.5 The approach to conceptual modelling.11 7.6 Principles of conceptual modelling .12 7.7 Model integration.13 8 The Domain reference model .13 8.1 Content of this clause .13 8.2 Definitio
13、n of Domain reference model.13 8.3 Uses of the Domain reference model 14 8.4 Overview of the Domain Reference model .14 8.5 Use of abstraction levels in the Domain reference model 16 8.6 Detailed description of the Domain reference model 17 8.6.1 Introduction17 8.6.2 Application schema.17 8.6.3 Spat
14、ial objects and position.19 8.6.4 Reference systems20 8.6.5 Quality.22 8.6.6 Metadata .23 8.6.7 General feature model.24 9 The Architectural reference model 25 9.1 Content of this clause .25 9.2 Definition of the Architectural reference model .26 9.3 Uses of the Architectural reference model .26 9.4
15、 Overview of the Architectural reference model26 9.4.1 Introduction26 9.4.2 Services and service interfaces .26 9.4.3 Identifying services and service interfaces for geographic information.28 ISO 19101:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reserved9.5 Types of geographic information services .28 9.5.1 Intr
16、oduction28 9.5.2 Types of information technology services relevant to geographic information.28 9.5.3 Extension of service types for geographic information 30 9.5.4 Service types in the ISO 19100 series compared to other service models .30 9.6 Service interfaces and standardization requirements.30 9
17、.6.1 Introduction30 9.6.2 Identifying standardization requirements for geographic information services 31 9.6.3 Fulfilling standardization requirements and the role of profiles 32 9.6.4 Elaboration of standardization requirements .32 9.6.5 Using this procedure to identify requirements for geographic
18、 information standards.33 10 Profiles and functional standards34 10.1 Content of this clause .34 10.2 Profiles and base standards.34 10.3 Modularity concept34 10.4 Use of profiles34 10.5 Product specifications 34 10.6 Relationship of profiles to base standards.34 10.7 Functional standards 35 10.8 Re
19、gistration of profiles .35 Annex A (informative) The Conceptual Schema Modelling Facility.36 A.1 Introduction36 A.2 The ISO Conceptual Schema Modelling Facility Schema architecture36 A.3 ISO CSMF schema architecture and the ISO 19100 series of geographic information standards .38 Annex B (informativ
20、e) Focus of standardization in the ISO 19100 series of geographic information standards39 Bibliography 41 ISO 19101:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The
21、work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-gover
22、nmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Th
23、e main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote
24、. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19101 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geom
25、atics. Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only. ISO 19101:2002(E) vi ISO 2002 All rights reservedIntroduction Every comprehensive standardization effort needs a reference model to ensure an integrated and consistent approach. This International Standard is a guide to
26、structuring geographic information standards in a way that will enable the universal usage of digital geographic information. This reference model describes the overall requirements for standardization and the fundamental principles that apply in developing and using standards for geographic informa
27、tion. In describing these requirements and principles, this reference model provides a vision of standardization in which geographic information can be integrated with existing and emerging digital information technologies and applications. This International Standard is intended to be used by infor
28、mation system analysts, program planners and developers of geographic information standards that are related to geographic information standards, as well as others in order to understand the basic principles of this series of standards and the overall requirements for standardization of geographic i
29、nformation. Beyond the needs within traditional applications of digital geographic information, there is a growing recognition among users of information technology that indexing by location is a fundamental way to organize and to use digital data. Increasingly, digital data from a wide variety of s
30、ources is being referenced to locations for use in a diversity of applications. Consequently, there is an increasing need for standardization of geographic information and services for processing this information. To meet this need, the ISO 19100 series standardizes relevant aspects of the descripti
31、on and management of geographic information and geographic information services. This standardization will: increase the understanding and usage of geographic information; increase the availability, access, integration and sharing of geographic information; promote the efficient, effective and econo
32、mic use of digital geographic information and associated hardware and software systems; contribute to a unified approach to addressing global ecological and humanitarian problems. To achieve these goals, standardization of geographic information in the ISO 19100 series is based on the integration of
33、 the concepts of geographic information with those of information technology. The development of standards for geographic information must consider the adoption or adaptation of generic information technology standards whenever possible. It is only when this cannot be done that geographic informatio
34、n standards need to be developed. This International Standard identifies a generic approach to structuring the ISO 19100 series of standards. This reference model uses concepts obtained from the ISO/IEC Open Systems Environment (OSE) approach for determining standardization requirements described in
35、 ISO/IEC TR 14252, the IEC Open Distributed Processing (ODP) Reference Model described in ISO/IEC 10746-1 and other relevant ISO standards and technical reports. This International Standard does not prescribe any specific products or techniques for implementing geographic information systems. INTERN
36、ATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19101:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Reference model 1 Scope This International Standard defines the framework for standardization in the field of geographic information and sets forth the basic principles by which this standardization takes place.
37、This framework identifies the scope of the standardization activity being undertaken and the context in which it takes place. The framework provides the method by which what is to be standardized can be determined and describes how the contents of the standards are related. Although structured in th
38、e context of information technology and information technology standards, this International Standard is independent of any application development method or technology implementation approach. 2 Conformance General conformance and testing requirements for the ISO 19100 series of geographic informat
39、ion standards are described in ISO 19105. Specific conformance requirements are described in individual standards in the ISO 19100 series. 3 Normative reference The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Sta
40、ndard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated be
41、low. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO/IEC 19501-1:1), Information technology Unified Modeling Language (UML) Part 1: Specification 4 Terms and definition
42、s For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. Sources of term definitions not defined in this International Standard are provided. NOTE Throughout this document, certain terms are italicized. These terms are defined either in this clause or in the term
43、s and definitions clause of another part of ISO 19100, as indicated. 4.1 application manipulation and processing of data in support of user requirements 4.2 application schema conceptual schema for data required by one or more applications 1) To be published. ISO 19101:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights
44、reserved4.3 conceptual formalism set of modelling concepts used to describe a conceptual model EXAMPLE UML meta model, EXPRESS meta model. NOTE One conceptual formalism can be expressed in several conceptual schema languages. 4.4 conceptual model model that defines concepts of a universe of discours
45、e 4.5 conceptual schema formal description of a conceptual model 4.6 conceptual schema language formal language based on a conceptual formalism for the purpose of representing conceptual schemas EXAMPLE UML, EXPRESS, IDEF1X NOTE A conceptual schema language may be lexical or graphical. Several conce
46、ptual schema languages can be based on the same conceptual formalism. 4.7 dataset identifiable collection of data 4.8 data level level containing data describing specific instances 4.9 data quality element quantitative component documenting the quality of a dataset NOTE The applicability of a data q
47、uality element to a dataset depends on both the datasets content and its product specification; the result being that all data elements may not be applicable to all datasets. 4.10 data quality overview element non-quantitative component documenting the quality of a dataset NOTE Information about the
48、 purpose, usage and lineage of a dataset is non-quantitative information. 4.11 feature abstraction of real world phenomena NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or feature instance shall be used when only one is meant. 4.12 feature attribute characteristic of a feature EXAM
49、PLE 1 A feature attribute named “colour” may have an attribute value “green” which belongs to the data type “text”. EXAMPLE 2 A feature attribute named “length” may have an attribute value “82.4” which belongs to the data type “real”. ISO 19101:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 3NOTE 1 A feature attribute has a name, a data type and a value domain associated to it. A feature attribute for a feature instance also has an attribute value taken from the value domain. NOTE 2 In a feature catalogue, a feature attribute may include a
