1、Reference numberISO/IEC 13660:2001(E)ISO/IEC 2001INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO/IEC13660First edition2001-09-01Information technology Officeequipment Measurement of imagequality attributes for hardcopy output Binary monochrome text and graphicimagesTechnologies de linformation quipement de bureau Mesurage
2、 desattributs de qualit dimage pour copies papier Texte monochromebinaire et images graphiquesAdopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard. Date of ANSI Approval: 4/5/02 Published by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 4
3、3rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2002 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards
4、 Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI,
5、 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America ISO/IEC 13660:2001(E)PDF disclaimerThis PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall notbe edited unless the typefaces which are emb
6、edded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading thisfile, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in thisarea.Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.De
7、tails of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameterswere optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely eventthat a problem r
8、elating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 2001All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm,
9、 without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member bodyin the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 Gb7 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.chWeb www.iso.chPrinted in Switzerlandii ISO/IEC 2001 All rig
10、hts reservedISO/IEC 13660:2001(E) ISO/IEC 2001 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForewordvIntroductionvi1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions .24 Report of results and sampling scheme .44.1 Report of results 44.1.1 Test identification information .44.1.2 Instrument system.44.1.3
11、 Compliance.44.1.4 Sampling scheme 44.1.5 Results 44.2 Sampling of pages.54.3 Sampling of images.64.3.1 Discretionary sampling .64.3.2 Random sampling64.3.3 Whole page sampling75 Attributes and their measures85.1 Schema of attributes .85.2 Large area density attributes85.2.1 Darkness, large area85.2
12、.2 Background haze.95.2.3 Graininess 105.2.4 Mottle 115.2.5 Extraneous marks, background.115.2.6 Voids .125.3 Character and line attributes125.3.1 Blurriness .135.3.2 Raggedness135.3.3 Line width .145.3.4 Darkness, character 145.3.5 Contrast 155.3.6 Fill155.3.7 Extraneous marks, character field.165.
13、3.8 Background haze, character field 176 System compliance .186.1 Compliance standard 186.2 Instrument 186.3 Test objects186.3.1 Specification for production of lines .186.4 Goal Values 19Annex A (normative) Bitmaps for compliance test lines 20Annex B (normative) Hardware compliance test .24B.1 Dens
14、ity measurements .24B.1.1 Compliance standard 24B.1.2 Test objects24B.2 Spatial measurements.24B.2.1 Compliance standard 24ISO/IEC 13660:2001(E)iv ISO/IEC 2001 All rights reservedB.2.2 Test objects 24Annex C (informative) How to use this International Standard 25C.1 Conditions 25C.2 Procedure .25C.3
15、 Sample programs.27ISO/IEC 13660:2001(E) ISO/IEC 2001 All rights reserved vForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC
16、participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by therespective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committeescollaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governme
17、ntal and non-governmental, inliaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.D
18、raft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting.Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this
19、 International Standard may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.International Standard ISO/IEC 13660 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Informationtechnology, Subcommittee SC 28, Office equipmen
20、t.Annexes A and B form a normative part of this International Standard. Annex C is for information only.ISO/IEC 13660:2001(E)vi ISO/IEC 2001 All rights reservedIntroductionThis International Standard is designed to help a quality control engineer evaluate the quality of prints from officeimaging sys
21、tems.In traditional imaging systems (such as ink-on-paper printing), an image is evaluated by comparison to an originalor master version of that image. In many electronic imaging systems, however, the image is created digitally withinthe system. There is no hardcopy master and so there can be no eva
22、luation by comparison in the ordinary way.Often, those who operate electronic imaging systems ensure good image quality by controlling the imagingprocess. They use test targets and reference images to evaluate the performance of the system.If it is not possible to control image quality by controllin
23、g the imaging process and if no test target or referenceimage is available, we can rely only on direct evaluation of properties of the image itself.To perform intrinsic evaluations of image quality, we must consider the nature of an image that is output. An imageis some organization of information i
24、n space. We assume that these signals have some purpose or are makingsome attempt at communication. Good image quality means that the image is legible (the organization andinformation can be interpreted) and that it has a pleasing appearance.Our goals in developing this International Standard were t
25、o compile a list of image attributes that (taken together)correlate to human perception of print quality and to develop measurement methods for these attributes that can beautomated and carried out on a simple system.Legibility and appearance have several aspects:Detail can be detected easily.Image
26、elements are well isolated from the background.The image has a minimum of gross defects.The imaging system has good geometric fidelity.Not all these factors can be covered by evaluation of intrinsic, quantitative image quality attributes. Many of themhave a large psychological or cultural component
27、that is difficult to evaluate.A print made with large optical reduction or one that is out of focus might still have excellent edge quality (and betotally lacking in gross defects, banding, noise, etc.) and yet be illegible. This could occur primarily because of thehigh process gamma (contrast) that
28、 is characteristic of many xerographic processes. Thus, the process canproduce apparently sharp edges in spite of the loss in resolution. Without a resolution target of some kind, theextent of the resolution loss, and hence legibility, may not be known.The purpose of this International Standard is t
29、o present a set of objective, measurable attributes that give somecorrelation to the perceived quality of an image to a human observer at a standard viewing distance. The standardwill allow a user of printed material to sort samples into several groups, from excellent to bad.The attributes and metho
30、ds for their assessment are based on several assumptions:The image represents an attempt at communication.There is uniformity within identifiable image elements.ISO/IEC 13660:2001(E) ISO/IEC 2001 All rights reserved viiCharacter images, symbols, and graphic elements are regular (that is, they are in
31、tended to be identical whenthey have multiple, similar occurrences).Samples with extreme gross defects have been screened out.This International Standard applies to images made up of text, graphics, and other image objects with two-tonelevels of a single colour (typically black image on white paper)
32、. This International Standard does not coverhalftones or images with more nominal gray levels, continuous tone images, colour images, and so on.Image quality measurement can be thought of as divided into diagnostic (high resolution), and visual scale (lowresolution) procedures. Diagnostic measuremen
33、ts typically use precision test targets and instrumentation and arekey to much engineering work. The present procedure, by contrast, is limited to phenomena visible to the nakedeye and does not permit test patterns.The working group has taken the approach of selecting simple and (in our judgment) ef
34、fective metrics, rather thanattempting to prove that our method of doing a given job will always be the most exact.How will this International Standard actually be implemented? A complete evaluation system has threecomponents: an image capture device, evaluation software, and application-specific qu
35、ality standards andsampling plan. The end user may choose to develop all these parts himself or he may choose to purchase one ormore components from a commercial supplier.Any equipment capable of gathering data appropriate to these measurements is understood to have a complexinstrument function. Rat
36、her than attempting to explore the relationship among these instrument functions, theworking group has defined reference images, and target values for them. If these target values are achieved by aninstrument, calibration will be acceptably good.This is not an attempt to break new ground in image sc
37、ience. It is an attempt to provide suppliers and customersfor copies/prints with a practical and objective way to communicate about basic image quality parameters.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 13660:2001(E) ISO/IEC 2001 All rights reserved 1Information technology Office equipment Measurement ofimag
38、e quality attributes for hardcopy output Binarymonochrome text and graphic images1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies device-independent image quality attributes, measurement methods, andanalytical procedures to describe the quality of output images from hardcopy devices. This International
39、Standardis applicable to human-readable documents composed of binary monochrome images produced from impactprinters, non-impact printers, and copiers.The attributes, methods, and procedures rely on intrinsic properties of the image. Targets or reference images arenot required. The International Stan
40、dard is not applicable to images on media other than hardcopy (e.g. images ona VDT) or to images that are intended to be machine readable only (e.g. bar codes).This International Standard is not intended to apply to pictorial art. It is optimized for black colourant forming theimage on a white subst
41、rate; it is not intended to be used for dropped out or reversed type or for transparencies.The evaluation of an image with any other colour of colourant or substrate will be sensitive to changes inillumination. In this case, the procedures of this International Standard may not be applicable and sho
42、uld be usedwith caution.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of thesepublications do not apply. Howev
43、er, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged toinvestigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Forundated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
44、maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.ISO 5-1:1984, Photography Density measurements Part 1: Terms, symbols and notationsISO 5-3:1995, Photography Density measurements Part 3: Spectral conditionsISO 5-4:1995, Photography Density measurements Part 4: Geometric conditions for r
45、eflection densityCIE 15.2:1986, ColorimetryTAPPI T480 om-92, Specular gloss of paper and paperboard at 75 degreesTAPPI T452 om-92, Brightness of pulp, paper, and paperboard (directional reflectance at 457 nm)ISO/IEC 13660:2001(E)2 ISO/IEC 2001 All rights reserved3 Terms and definitionsFor the purpos
46、es of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. The image qualityattributes themselves are defined in Clause 5.binary any system based on exactly two possible values, such as 0/1 or black/white.binary image an image with only two fundamental tones: the substrate and the
47、 colourant.boundary the region of an edge within which the reflectance factor makes the transition from 10% to 90% of thedifference between image and substrate reflectance factors. See also threshold contour.character image a specific physical representation of a character glyph.colourant the materi
48、al used to make an image visible. In copying and electronic printing, the two maincolourants are dye and pigment.density, optical log10 (1/R), where R is the reflectance factor, measured according with 0/45-degree geometry,Illuminant A, and ISO visual density calibration.distortion undesired change
49、in the shape of an image.edge threshold the points in the gradients of an edge that define the location of the edge. This is the thresholdcontour corresponding to R60for the ROI. See also threshold contour.gradient, edge the relative reflectance value gradient along a line normal to the edge of an image segment.hardcopy a document on a substrate.human-readable designed to be interpreted by a standard human viewer.image element a single, evidently intentional, object not connected to other objects.image segment a c
