1、 INCITS/ISO TS 19130-2:2014 2015 (ISO/TS 19130-2:2014, IDT) Geographic information - Imagery sensor models for geopositioning - Part 2: SAR, InSAR, lidar and sonar (Technical Report) INCITS/ISO TS 19130-2:2014 2015 PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe
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7、stem, without the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1101 K Street NW, Suite 610, Washington DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America ii ITIC 2015 All rights reserved ISO 2014Geographic information Imagery sensor models for
8、geopositioning Part 2: SAR, InSAR, lidar and sonarInformation gographique Modles de capteurs dimages de gopositionnement Partie 2: SAR, InSAR, lidar et sonarTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONISO/TS19130-2First edition2014-01-15Reference numberISO/TS 19130-2:2014(E)ISO/TS 19130-2:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights r
9、eservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior wri
10、tten permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandISO/TS 1
11、9130-2:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Conformance . 13 Normative references 14 Terms and definitions . 25 Symbols and abbreviations 125.1 Symbols 125.2 Abbreviated terms 175.3 Notation . 186 Sensor Model Extensions 196.1 Introduction . 196.
12、2 SE_SensorModel 196.3 SE_Dynamics 196.4 SE_PlatformDynamics 207 Refinement of SAR physical sensor model 207.1 Introduction . 207.2 SE_SAROperation . 218 Interferometric SAR .228.1 Introduction . 228.2 InSAR geometry 228.3 Interferometric SAR operation. 249 Lidar physical sensor model .269.1 Descrip
13、tion of sensor . 269.2 Information required for geolocating 2710 Sonar physical sensor model 2810.1 Description of sensor . 2810.2 Information required for geolocating 3211 Aerial triangulation 3611.1 Introduction . 3611.2 SE_AerialTriangulation . 3711.3 SE_ATObservations . 3711.4 SE_ATOtherResults
14、. 3811.5 SE_ATUnknowns . 39Annex A (normative) Conformance and testing .40Annex B (normative) Data dictionary 42Annex C (informative) Synthetic aperture radar sensor model metadata profile supporting precise geopositioning 74Annex D (informative) Lidar sensor model metadata profile supporting precis
15、e geopositioning 98Annex E (informative) Sonar sensor model metadata profile supporting precise geopositioning 129Bibliography . 151ISO/TS 19130-2:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The w
16、ork of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-govern
17、mental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in t
18、he ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibilit
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21、about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.ISO/TS 19130 consists of the following parts, under the ge
22、neral title Geographic information Imagery sensor models for geopositioning: Geographic information Imagery sensor models for geopositioning Part 2: Geographic information Imagery sensor models for geopositioning Part 2: SAR, InSAR, lidar and sonariv ISO 2014 All rights reservedISO/TS 19130-2:2014(E
23、)IntroductionThe purpose of this Technical Specification is to specify the geolocation information that an imagery data provider shall supply in order for the user to be able to find the earth location of the data using a detailed physical sensor model for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Light Detec
24、tion And Ranging (lidar) and Sound Navigation And Ranging (sonar). The intent is to standardize sensor descriptions and specify the minimum geolocation metadata requirements for data providers and geopositioning imagery systems. Observations in this document are the generic meaning of the word; obse
25、rvations are not in the meaning of ISO 19156 observations.Vast amounts of data from imaging systems have been collected, processed and distributed by government mapping and remote sensing agencies and by commercial data vendors. In order for this data to be useful in extraction of geographic informa
26、tion, further processing of the data are needed. Geopositioning, which determines the ground coordinates of an object from image coordinates, is a fundamental processing step. Because of the diversity of sensor types and the lack of a common sensor model standard, data from different producers may c
27、ontain different parametric information, lack parameters required to describe the sensor that produces the data, or lack ancillary information necessary for geopositioning and analysing the data. Often, a separate software package must be developed to deal with data from each individual sensor or da
28、ta producer. Standard sensor models and geolocation metadata allow agencies or vendors to develop generalized software products that are applicable to data from multiple data producers or from multiple sensors. With such standards, different producers can describe the geolocation information of thei
29、r data in the same way, thus promoting interoperability of data between application systems and facilitating data exchange.Part 1 provided a location model and metadata relevant to all sensors. It also included metadata specific to whiskbroom, pushbroom, and frame sensors, and some metadata for Synt
30、hetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors. In addition, it provided metadata for functional fit geopositioning, whether the function was part of a correspondence model or a true replacement model. It also provided a schema for these metadata elements. Comments on Part 1 stated that metadata needed to be sp
31、ecified for additional sensors. The technology of such sensors has now become sufficiently mature that standardization is now possible. This Technical Specification extends the specification of the set of metadata elements required for geolocation by providing physical sensor models for LIght Detect
32、ion And Ranging (lidar) and SOund Navigation And Ranging (sonar), and it presents a more detailed set of elements for SAR. This Technical Specification also defines the metadata needed for the aerial triangulation of airborne and spaceborne images. This Technical Specification also provides a schema
33、 for all of these metadata elements. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vGeographic information Imagery sensor models for geopositioning Part 2: SAR, InSAR, lidar and sonar1 ScopeThis Technical Specification supports exploitation of remotely sensed images. It specifies the sensor models and metadata for g
34、eopositioning images remotely sensed by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), LIght Detection And Ranging (lidar), and SOund Navigation And Ranging (sonar) sensors. The specification also defines the metadata needed for the aerial triangulation of airborne
35、 and spaceborne images.This Technical Specification specifies the detailed information that shall be provided for a sensor description of SAR, InSAR, lidar and sonar sensors with the associated physical and geometric information necessary to rigorously construct a Physical Sensor Model. For the case
36、 where precise geoposition information is needed, this Technical Specification identifies the mathematical formulae for rigorously constructing Physical Sensor Models that relate two-dimensional image space to three-dimensional ground space and the calculation of the associated propagated error.This
37、 Technical Specification does not specify either how users derive geoposition data or the format or content of the data the users generate.2 ConformanceThis Technical Specification specifies 5 conformance classes. There is one conformance class for each type of sensor. Any set of geopositioning info
38、rmation claiming conformance to this Technical Specification shall satisfy the requirements for at least one conformance class as specified in Table 1. The requirements for each class are shown by the presence of an X in the boxes for all clauses in the application test suite (ATS) required for that
39、 class. If the requirement is conditional, the box contains a C. The conditions are defined in the corresponding UML models.Table 1 Conformance classesSection of this part of ISO 19130A.1.1 A.1.2 A.1.3 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6Conformance ClassSAR X C XInSAR X C XLidar X X X XSonar X X X XAerial triangula
40、tion X C X3 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.TECHNICAL SPECIFIC
41、ATION ISO/TS 19130-2:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1ISO/TS 19130-2:2014(E)ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic information Conceptual schema languageISO 19107:2003, Geographic information Spatial schemaISO 19108:2002, Geographic information Temporal schemaISO 19111:2007, Geographic information Spati
42、al referencing by coordinatesISO 19115-1:2014, Geographic information Metadata Part 1: FundamentalsISO 19115-2:2009, Geographic information Metadata Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded dataISO 19123:2005, Geographic information Schema for coverage geometry and functionsISO 19157:2013, Geograp
43、hic information Data qualityISO/TS 19130:2010, Geographic information Imagery sensor models for geopositioning4 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.4.1active sensorsensor (4.66) that generates the energy that it uses to perform the sensin
44、g4.2active sonartype of active sensor (4.1) that transmits sound waves into the water and receives the returned waves echoed from objects in the water4.3adjustable model parametersmodel parameters that can be refined using available additional information, such as ground control points, to improve o
45、r enhance modeling correctionsSOURCE: ISO/TS 19130:2010, 4.24.4ARPaperture reference point3D location of the centre of the synthetic apertureNote 1 to entry: It is usually expressed in ECEF coordinates in metres.SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130:2010, 4.44.5area recordinginstantaneously recording an image in a s
46、ingle frame (4.22)4.6attitudeorientation of a body, described by the angles between the axes of that bodys coordinate system and the axes of an external coordinate systemSOURCE: ISO 19116:2004, 4.22 ISO 2014 All rights reservedISO/TS 19130-2:2014(E)4.7attributenamed property of an entitySOURCE: ISO/
47、IEC 2382-17:1999, 17.02.124.8azimuth resolutionresolution (4.60) in the cross-range directionNote 1 to entry: This is usually measured in terms of the impulse response of the SAR sensor (4.66) and processing system. It is a function of the size of the synthetic aperture, or alternatively the dwell t
48、ime (e.g. larger aperture - longer dwell time - better resolution).SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130:2010, 4.74.9beam widthuseful angular width of the beam of electromagnetic energyNote 1 to entry: For SAR, beam width is usually measured in radians and is the angular width between two points that have 1/2 of the
49、 power (3 dB below) of the centre of the beam. It is a property of the antenna. Power emitted outside of this angle is too little to provide a usable return (4.62).Note 2 to entry: Angle, measured in a horizontal plane, between the directions on either side of the axis at which the intensity (4.37) of a beam of energy drops to a specified fraction of the value it has on the axis.SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130:2010, 4.8, mod
