1、 INCITS/ISO TS 19159-1:2014 2015 (ISO/TS 19159-1:2014, IDT) Geographic information - Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data - Part 1: Optical sensors (Technical Report) INCITS/ISO TS 19159-1:2014 2015 PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In acco
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8、on and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data Part 1: Optical sensorsInformation gographique Calibration et validation de capteurs de tldtecion Partie 1: Capteurs optiquesTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONISO/TS19159-1First edition2014-07-15Reference numberISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)ISO/TS 19159-1:20
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11、lished in SwitzerlandISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Conformance . 13 Normative references 14 Terms and definitions . 15 Abbreviated terms and symbols 85.1 Abbreviated terms . 85.2 Symbols 105.3 Variable names of the Jacobsen
12、model 105.4 Conventions 106 Calibration .116.1 Project 116.2 Package OpticsSensor, Geometry . 166.3 Package OpticsSensor, Radiometry 256.4 Package OpticsCalibrationFacility, Geometry 356.5 Package OpticsCalibrationFacility, Radiometry .416.6 Package OpticsValidation 457 Documentation 467.1 Semantics
13、 467.2 Package Documentation 47Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .49Annex B (normative) Data dictionary 54Annex C (normative) Self calibration models 85Annex D (informative) Calibration and validation quality measures .94Bibliography . 100ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Or
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19、on on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document
20、is ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.ISO 19159 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors: Part 1: Optical sensorsPart 2 is planned to cover laser scanning, also known as light detection and
21、ranging (LIDAR), SAR/InSAR (RADAR) and SONAR (sound). Parts 3 and 4 are planned to cover RADAR (radio detection and ranging) with the subtopics SAR (synthetic aperture radar) and InSAR (interferometric SAR) as well as SONAR (sound detection and ranging) that is applied in hydrographyiv ISO 2014 All
22、rights reservedISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)IntroductionImaging sensors are one of the major data sources for geographic information. Typical spatial outcomes of the production process are vector maps, Digital Elevation Models, and three-dimensional city models. There are typically two streams of spectral
23、data analysis, that is, the statistical method, which includes image segmentation, and the physics-based method, which relies on characterization of specific spectral absorption features.In each of the cases, the quality of the end products fully depends on the quality of the measuring instruments t
24、hat has originally sensed the data. The quality of measuring instruments is determined and documented by calibration.A calibration is often a costly and time-consuming process. Therefore, a number of different strategies are used that combine longer time intervals between subsequent calibrations wit
25、h simplified intermediate calibration procedures that bridge the time gap and still guarantee a traceable level of quality. Those intermediate calibrations are called validations in this part of ISO 19159.This part of ISO 19159 standardizes the calibration of remote sensing imagery sensors and the v
26、alidation of the calibration information and procedures. It does not address the validation of the data and the derived products.Many types of imagery sensors exist for remote sensing tasks. Apart from the different technologies, the need for a standardization of the various sensor types has differe
27、nt levels of priority. In order to meet those requirements, ISO 19159 has been split into more than one part. Part 1 covers optical sensors, i.e. airborne photogrammetric cameras and spaceborne optical sensors. Part 2 is intended to cover laser scanning, also known as LIDAR (Light detection and rang
28、ing).Parts 3 and 4 are planned to cover RADAR (radio detection and ranging) with the subtopics SAR (synthetic aperture radar) and InSAR (interferometric SAR) as well as SONAR (sound detection and ranging) that is applied in hydrography. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vGeographic information Calibratio
29、n and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data Part 1: Optical sensors1 ScopeThis part of ISO 19159 defines the calibration and validation of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing imagery sensors.The term “calibration” refers to geometry, radiometry, and spectral, and includes the inst
30、rument calibration in a laboratory as well as in situ calibration methods.The validation methods address validation of the calibration information.This part of ISO 19159 also addresses the associated metadata related to calibration and validation which have not been defined in other geographic infor
31、mation International Standards.The specified sensors include optical sensors of the frame camera and line camera types (2D CCD scanners).2 ConformanceThis part of ISO 19159 standardizes the service metadata for the calibration procedures of optical remote sensing sensors as well as the associated da
32、ta types and code lists. Therefore conformance depends on the type of entity declaring conformance.Mechanisms for the transfer of data are conformant to this part of ISO 19159 if they can be considered to consist of transfer record and type definitions that implement or extend a consistent subset of
33、 the object types described within this part of ISO 19159.Details of the conformance classes are given in the Abstract test suite in Annex A.3 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable to its application. For d
34、ated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 19115-2:2009, Geographic information Metadata Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded dataISO/TS 19130:2010, Geographic information Imagery
35、 sensor models for geopositioning4 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.4.1bloomingoverflow of an over-saturated signal of one pixel to the neighbouring pixelTECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1ISO/
36、TS 19159-1:2014(E)4.2calibrationprocess of quantitatively defining a systems responses to known, controlled signal inputsSOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.2Note 1 to entry: A calibration is an operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relationship between indications (w
37、ith associated measurement (4.16) uncertainties) and the physical quantity (4.27) values (with measurement uncertainties) provided by measurement standards.4.3calibration curveexpression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity (4.27) valueNote 1 to entry: A calibration
38、 curve expresses a one-to-one relation that does not supply a measurement (4.16) result as it bears no information about the measurement uncertainty (4.38).SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.314.4calibration validationprocess of assessing the validity of parametersNote 1 to entry: With respect to the
39、general definition of validation the “calibration validation” does only refer to a small set of parameters (attribute values) such as the result of a sensor (4.32) calibration.4.5correctioncompensation for an estimated systematic effectNote 1 to entry: See ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 3.2.3, for an expl
40、anation of “systematic effect”.Note 2 to entry: The compensation can take different forms, such as an addend or a factor, or can be deduced from a table.SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.534.6dark currentoutput current of a photoelectric detector (4.9) (or of its cathode) in the absence of incident r
41、adiationNote 1 to entry: For calibration of optical sensors (4.32) dark current is measured by the absence of incident optical radiation.4.7dark current noisenoise (4.22) of current at the output of a detector (4.9), when no optical radiation is sensed4.8dark signal non uniformityDSNUresponse of a d
42、etector (4.9) element if no visible or infrared light is presentNote 1 to entry: This activation is mostly caused by imperfection of the detector.4.9detectordevice that generates an output signal in response to an energy inputNote 1 to entry: The energy input may be provided by electro-magnetic radi
43、ation. The output may be a measurable and reproducible electrical signal.SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130:2010, 4.18, modified2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)4.10ground sampling distanceGSDlinear distance between pixel centres on the groundNote 1 to entry: GSD is a measure (4.15) of one limi
44、tation to image resolution (4.30), that is, the limitation due to sampling distance on the ground that corresponds to the pixel distances in the image plane.Note 2 to entry: The GSD is the distance between the centre points of surface elements represented by adjacent elements in the image matrix.Not
45、e 3 to entry: The GSD depends on flying height, terrain height and observation angle.Note 4 to entry: The GSD can also be named ground sample distance.Note 5 to entry: This definition also applies for water surfaces.SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130:2010, 4.45, modified Notes 1 to 4 have been added.4.11in situ m
46、easurementdirect measurement (4.16) of the measurand in its original place4.12instantaneous field of viewIFOVinstantaneous region seen by a single detector (4.9) element, measured in angular spaceSOURCE: ISO/TS 19130-2:2014, 4.364.13irradianceelectro-magnetic radiation energy per unit area per unit
47、timeNote 1 to entry: The SI unit is watts per square metre (W/m2).4.14keystone effectdistortion of a projected image caused by a tilt between the image plane and the projection plane resulting in a trapezoidal shaped projection of a rectangular image4.15measurevalue described using a numeric amount
48、with a scale or using a scalar reference systemNote 1 to entry: When used as a noun, measure is a synonym for physical quantity (4.27).SOURCE: ISO 19136:2007, 4.1.414.16measurementset of operations having the object of determining the value of a quantity (4.27)SOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.204.17me
49、asurement accuracyaccuracy of measurementaccuracycloseness of agreement between a test result or measurement (4.16) result and the true valueNote 1 to entry: The concept “measurement accuracy” is not a quantity (4.27) and is not given a numerical quantity value. A measurement is said to be more accurate when it offers a smaller measurement error (4.18). ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)Note 2 to entry: The ter
