1、 ANSI N14.7-2013 American National Standard For Radioactive Materials Guidance for Packaging Type A Quantities of Radioactive Materials THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKANSI N14.7-2013 American National Standard for Radioactive Materials Guidance for Packaging Type A Quantities of Radioactive Mater
2、ials Secretariat Institute for Nuclear Materials Management Approved April 15, 2013 American National Standards Institute, Inc. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approv
3、al have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily u
4、nanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or no
5、t, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give interpretation on any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shal
6、l have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: Th
7、is American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on al
8、l standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by American National Standards Institute, Inc. 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036 Copyright 2013 by Institute for Nuclear Materials Management All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduce
9、d in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America This standard was prepared and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee on Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive
10、 and Hazardous Material, N14. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the N14 Committee comprised the following members. Richard R. Rawl, Chair William H. Lake, Vice-Chair Ronald B. Natali
11、, Secretary Organization Represented Name of Representative Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance. C. Smith Health Physics Society R. A. Parker US Department of Energy A. Kapoor US Department of Transportation . R. Boyle US DOE National Nuclear Security Administration A. Al-Daouk US Nuclear Regulatory
12、Commission M. Sampson N14 Committee Members Al-Daouk, Ahmad M. Hawk, Mark B. Rummell, Trevor Araniz, Enrique (Rick) A. Hummer, James H. Rymer, Andrew C. Bayley, Donna Johnston, James R. Sampson, Michele Bellamy, J. Stephen Johnson, Larry Shelton, Thomas A. Bennett, David R. Kapoor, Ashok Shuler, Dr.
13、 James M. Bennett, Marvin E. Kavanagh, Jackie Smith, Carlisle Bentz, Dr. Edward Lake, William H. Stern, Larry Best, Ralph E. Lambert, David T. Thomas, David C. Boyle, Richard (Rick) Lambert, Mark T. Vaughn, Dr. Robert A. Castagnacci, Albert E. McNeil, Ella Viebrock, James M. Charette, Marc-Andre Moh
14、amed, Dr. Ashraf Wakeman, Brian H. Clark, Gary L. Nelson, Kevin Walker, Randy Darrough, Dr. Elizabeth Nolan, Donald J. Wangler, Michael E. Eyre, Phillip OConnor, Stephen C. Warriner, Doyle J. Falci, Frank Opperman, Erich Yosimura, Richard Feldman, Matt Parker, Dr. Roy Zimmer, Alan Fischer, Larry E.
15、Pope, Ronald B. Gregory, Phillip C. Porter, Steven A. Grella, Alfred W. Rawl, Richard (Rick) Members of the N14.7 writing committee who participated in the development, editing, and writing of this standard. Bennett, Marvin E. Lake, William H. Conroy, Michael Linstrum, Donna J. Day, B. Miller, J. J.
16、 Dick, Matt Natali, Ronald B. Edling, Donald Opperman, Erich Garg, R Parker, Dr. Roy Grella, Alfred W. Rawl, Richard (Rick) Hawk, Mark B. N14.7 Chair Sampson, Michele Johnson, R Smith, L. Kapoor, Ashok Wangler, Michael E. Kavanagh, Jackie THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKv FOREWORD*Subcommittee N14
17、.7, “Guidance for Packaging Type A Quantities of Radioactive Material,” developed this standard as guidance under the procedures of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) N14, “Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive and Non-Nuclear Hazardous Materi
18、als.” The Institute of Nuclear Materials Management is the sponsoring organization and secretariat for ANSI ASC N14, which has the following scope: Preparation of standards for the packaging and transportation of fissile and radioactive materials, non-nuclear hazardous materials including waste and
19、mixed materials, but not including movement or handling during processing and manufacturing operations. Each day thousands of shipments of radioactive materials are transported within the United States (US) and internationally. These consignments, which are carried by road, rail, sea, air, and water
20、ways, can range from small quantities of radioactive materials requiring an excepted packaging to large quantities requiring a Type B packaging. The majority of the packagings used in the United States carry Type A quantities of radioactive materials for nuclear medicine applications. Type A package
21、s are intended to provide economical transport for large numbers of low activity consignments while at the same time achieving a high level of safety. The safety record of these radioactive material shipments has historically been excellent. Very few serious injuries, overexposures, or environmental
22、 consequences have been attributed to the radioactive nature of the materials being transported or to accidents in transport of such materials. Nevertheless, the US Department of Transportation has recognized the need for effective implementation of current Type A package regulations. To ensure cont
23、inuation of the excellent performance record of Type A packages in all modes of transportation, the ANSI Nuclear Standards Management Board identified subjects in the area of radioactive materials transport for which standards would be helpful. Preparation of this standard, as well as others, result
24、ed from that decision. This standard was prepared to provide guidance to individuals responsible for developing the design of packagings for transport of radioactive material limited to Type A quantities of radioactive material including fissile material that does not exceed the limits authorized un
25、der the general license sections of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulation for packaging and transportation of radioactive material. This standard is also intended to assist those who test, evaluate, fabricate, fill, ship, or otherwise perform functions related to Type A packages in accorda
26、nce with applicable regulatory requirements. The designer and shipper/offeror should also apply radiation protection principles so that exposure during loading of the packaging and its use is as low as reasonably achievable. An underlying assumption is that trained and qualified individuals are clas
27、sifying the material to be shipped; determining the packaging selection; marking, labeling, and placarding the transport vehicle as appropriate; and completing all necessary requirements for the shipping papers. A matrix in Annex A has been provided to assist in understanding the training requiremen
28、ts identified in 49 CFR 172.704 for performing the various functions discussed in this standard. The matrix includes training for those who design, test, fabricate, and ship Type A packagings that meet the requirements of 49 CFR 178.350, Specification 7A, general packaging, Type A.*This foreword is
29、not a part of American National Standard ANSI N14.7, Guidance for Packaging Type A Quantities of Radioactive Materials. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKvii CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT REGULATIONS . 1 1.2 PURPOSE . 2 1.3 SCOPE 2 2. DEFINITIONS . 3 3. ROLES AND RESPONSIBIL
30、ITIES 7 3.1 SHIPPER/OFFEROR . 7 3.2 DESIGNER 8 3.3 TYPE A PACKAGING DETERMINATION 8 3.4 TESTING ORGANIZATION 9 3.5 FABRICATOR . 9 3.6 SHIPPER/OFFEROR CERTIFYING THE PACKAGE 10 4. DESIGN OF TYPE A PACKAGINGS 11 4.1 INTRODUCTION 11 4.2 COORDINATION 11 4.3 THE SHIPPER/OFFEROR 12 4.3.1 Design Input 12 4
31、.4 DESIGNER 14 4.4.1 Design Process . 14 4.4.2 Design Analysis and Testing (Including Software) . 14 4.4.3 Design Verification 14 4.4.4 Change and Interface Control 15 4.4.5 Documentation and Records 15 4.4.6 Quality Assurance 15 4.5 FABRICATOR . 15 4.5.1 Fabrication Documentation . 15 5. TYPE A PAC
32、KAGING TESTING 17 5.1 INTRODUCTION 17 5.2 TESTING GUIDANCE 17 5.2.1 Testing Sequence . 17 5.2.2 Testing with Surrogate Contents . 17 5.2.3 Target . 18 5.3 PERFORMANCE TESTS 18 5.3.1 Water Spray Test . 18 5.3.2 Free Drop Tests . 18 5.3.3 Free Drop Test for Type A Packages Designed for Liquids and Gas
33、es 20 5.3.4 Stacking Test . 20 5.3.5 Penetration Test . 21 5.3.6 Penetration Test for Type A Packages Designed for Liquids and Gases 21 5.4 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA . 21 5.4.1 Loss or Dispersal of the Radioactive Contents 22 viii 5.4.2 Significant Increase in the Radiation Levels Recorded or Calculated a
34、t the External Surfaces for the Condition before the Test . 24 5.5 DOCUMENTATION OF TESTING . 25 6. FABRICATING TYPE A PACKAGING OR COMPONENTS . 26 6.1 INTRODUCTION 27 6.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FABRICATOR . 27 6.3 FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS 27 6.3.1 Procurement of Materials and Components
35、27 6.3.2 Compliance with Fabricating Specification Documentation . 27 6.3.3 Documentation. 28 6.3.4 Fabrication Records . 28 6.3.5 Record Retention and Distribution 28 7. USE AND REUSE OF TYPE A PACKAGES 29 7.1 RESPONSIBILITY FOR COMPLIANCE WITH TYPE A SPECIFICATION 29 7.2 USE OF TYPE A PACKAGES 29
36、7.2.1 General Requirements . 29 7.2.2 Contents . 29 7.2.3 Assembly . 30 7.2.4 Closure . 30 7.2.5 Specification Marking . 30 7.3 REUSE AND MAINTENANCE 31 7.3.1 General Requirements . 31 7.3.2 General Maintenance . 31 7.3.3 Component Inspection and Replacement 31 7.3.4 Repaired and Reconditioned Packa
37、ging 32 7.4 TYPE A PACKAGE DOCUMENTATION 32 8. QUALITY ASSURANCE . 34 8.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE 35 8.1.1 Quality Control for the Construction of the Package 35 8.1.2 Quality Control Requirements Prior to Each Shipment. 36 8.2 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 37 8.3 RECOMMENDED GUIDANCE . 37 9. REFERENCES . 39
38、 ANNEX A. TRAINING MATRIX . A-1 ANNEX B. COMPLIANCE WITH DOT REQUIREMENTS FOR TYPE A PACKAGES MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF 49 CFR 178.350, OCTOBER 1, 2009 B-1 ANNEX C. SAMPLE RECEIVING INSPECTION CHECKLISTS FOR TYPE A PACKAGINGS C-1 ANNEX D. SAMPLE TEST REPORT D-1 ANNEX E. QUALITY ASSURANCE CRITERIA
39、MATRIX . E-1 ANNEX F. SAMPLE PRESHIPMENT CHECKLIST . F-1 1 1. INTRODUCTION Type A packaging is one of the most commonly used packagings for shipment of radioactive material by industry and the government. Type A packaging is intended to provide containment of contents and shielding integrity during
40、routine and normal conditions of transportation, including rough handling or minor mishaps (loading/unloading operations). Type A package safety standards are based on the following two fundamental principles. Type A packages are designed, constructed, and prepared for shipment so that the radioacti
41、ve material will not leak from the package and any necessary shielding will remain effective under specified tests and conditions. These tests simulate routine (incident free) and normal (minor mishaps) conditions of transport, including environmental conditions of high and low temperature, rain and
42、 snow, and changes in atmospheric pressure that may be encountered during transport and rough handling by transport workers. The Type A quantity of radioactive material is based on the “Q system” prescribed in the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Advisory Material for the IAEA Regulations f
43、or the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials, TS-G-1.1 (ST-2). The Q system defines the quantity limits in terms of the “A1” and “A2” values of a radionuclide that is allowed in a Type A package. The regulations provide the content limits for a Type A package so that the radiological consequences
44、of severe damage to a Type A package are within acceptable limits and design approval by the competent authority is not required except for packages containing fissile material. The US Department of Transportation (DOT) does not provide authorization for Type A packages. However, DOT allows self-cer
45、tification of a Type A package provided that the shipper/offeror of the package offered for transportation ensures that it fully meets applicable DOT regulations. The self-certification or an approval for transportation is a result of fully documented demonstration of performancethrough testing, eva
46、luation, or analysisof a package design, including its specific content. Each time the content (e.g., content mass, form, or geometry) or the packaging components change, the capability of the new package design is to be fully evaluated with respect to Type A performance criteria before a Type A des
47、ignation is applied to the package. This evaluation is to be documented and may range from complete retesting to an engineering analysis. In all cases, the technical data and computational methods used, as well as the engineering reasoning that leads to the conclusion that the packaging complies wit
48、h Type A requirements, is documented. 1.1 INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT REGULATIONS International regulations for the transport of radioactive materials are based on the IAEA regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material (TS-R-1). Most IAEA member states base their national regulations on the
49、se international regulations. US authorities actively participate in the development of the IAEA regulations, and DOT regulations are based upon the IAEA regulations with some technical and administrative differences. US regulations allow shipments that meet the IAEA regulations into and out of the United States. As there are technical differences between DOT and IAEA regulations, it is recommended that the user of the package refer to the IAEA regulations for international shipments. In keeping with the changes occurring in the internati
