1、TAPPI/ANSI T 573 sp-15 PROVISIONAL METHOD 2003 STANDARD PRACTICE 2009 REVISED 2015 2015 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of the Association. The committee and the Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the
2、use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most recent edition published. Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test Method TAPPI CAUT
3、ION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are com
4、plete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of
5、such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of th
6、e chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. Accelerated temperature aging of printing and writing pap
7、er by dry oven exposure apparatus 1. Scope1.1 This standard practice describes a laboratory procedure for accelerating the aging of printing and writing paper within sealed glass tubes through exposure to elevated temperature within an oven. 1.2 The standard practice applies to all types of printing
8、 and writing paper whether it is plain base paper, has internal additives, is coated, is printed or contains any variants of printing and writing paper found in normal usage. 2. Summary 2.1 In this practice conditioned samples of printing and writing paper are placed inside airtight glass tubes to r
9、etain moisture and air. They are then aged at a constant elevated temperature in a well-controlled laboratory oven for a fixed test period. The aging of paper due to its interaction with moisture and air is accelerated at the elevated temperature. 2.2 Mechanical strength properties of the paper are
10、measured before and after the aging process. The extent of retention of these properties provides a measure of the physical strength stability of the paper as it relates to its aging. 3. Significance 3.1 This standard practice will find use by parties concerned with the relative level of physical st
11、rength stability over time of various printing and writing papers. 3.2 The practice will provide manufacturers, paper users and other interested parties with a means of accelerated aging to identify papers that will be stable and those that will be unstable when aged under normal conditions of use a
12、nd handling over time. T 573 sp-15 Accelerated temperature aging of printing and writing paper by dry oven exposure apparatus / 2 4. Apparatus 4.1 Use a laboratory forced-ventilation oven that maintains a uniform temperature of 100 1.0C. 4.2 Configure the oven so that conditioned paper, enclosed wit
13、hin airtight glass tubes, can be aged in its interior space. 4.3 Include multiple racks within the oven to allow horizontal orientation of glass tubes inside the oven. 4.4 Provide glass tubes of approximately 36.0-cm3internal volume per oven-dry gram of paper to be evaluated. Use screw-on caps that
14、are fitted with O-rings or gaskets that ensure a hermetic seal of the interior contents during the elevated temperature aging. Use materials (glass, cap, O-ring or gasket) that are thermally stable at or preferably well above the aging temperature of 100C, and also chemically resistant to acid corro
15、sion. Two sources of tubes of approximately 145-cm3internal volume have been tested and found to be satisfactory. They are: Kontes hybridization tubes, 35-mm I.D. x 150-mm long (Kontes No. K736500-3515). These glass tubes have polypropylene screw caps with silicone rubber O-rings. Lab-Line hybridiza
16、tion tubes, 38-mm o.d. x 150-mm long (Lab-Line No. 308-9). These tubes have polypropylene screw caps with Teflon fluorocarbon resin gaskets. Other tubes of similar high quality laboratory glass can be found from other manufacturers. 5. Calibration 5.1 Provide an oven in which the internal temperatur
17、e uniformity can be maintained to within 1.0C at 100C. 5.2 Recalibrate the oven with sufficient frequency to ensure continual maintenance of the required temperature. 6. Conditioning Condition the paper samples according to TAPPI T 402 for a minimum of 24 hours both immediately prior to and immediat
18、ely following the accelerated aging period. Omit the preconditioning step of TAPPI T 402 “Standard conditioning and testing atmospheres for paper, board, pulp handsheets, and related products” following the aging period. 7. Procedure 7.1 At all times throughout this test procedure, handle paper samp
19、les only with clean cotton gloves. This means that clean cotton gloves are required for handling of the paper both before and following the aging procedure. 7.2 Select paper samples according to TAPPI T 400. 7.3 For the sample selected, randomize the sheets of paper. 7.4 From the randomized set of p
20、aper sheets, select eight individual sheets (equivalent to 8 x 11-in sheets) at random for each test unit. Two test units are required for each sample; one for the testing of the unaged paper, and a second for the testing of the aged paper. 7.5 Thoroughly clean the aging tubes prior to insertion of
21、paper. The required cleaning sequence follows: 7.5.1 Wash thoroughly with non-ionic detergent and tap water. 7.5.2 Rinse the tubes thoroughly with tap water to remove all residual soap. 7.5.3 Rinse three more times with distilled water and allow to drain sufficiently. 7.5.4 Dry the tubes in an oven
22、at about 105C. 7.5.5 Condition the complete tube assembly (opened) for a minimum of 24 hours in a room conditioned at the terms specified in TAPPI T 402. 7.6 If starting with new, previously unused aging tubes, caps, O-rings or gaskets, bake them at 100 to 105C for at least 24 hours in preparation f
23、or their first use, following the completion of the above cleaning steps. 3 / Accelerated temperature aging of printing and writing paper T 573 sp-15 by dry oven exposure apparatus 7.7 After conditioning has been completed, cap the tubes and maintain them in that condition until their use in an agin
24、g test. 7.8 For each test unit, cut the paper sheets in the dimensions appropriate for the relevant TAPPI strength tests that are to be performed following the aging procedure. 7.9 Place conditioned paper in the tubes for aging, but determine the weight required as the ovendry weight of the paper. T
25、o insert the correct ovendry weight, determine the moisture content of the conditioned paper according to TAPPI T 412. Subtract the weight of moisture as thus determined from the total conditioned weight of the paper to calculate the correct ovendry weight. Insert an amount of conditioned paper that
26、 will provide a ratio of 0.0275 ovendry grams of paper for each cubic centimeter of capped aging tube internal volume. 7.10 For the tubes of 145 cm3identified above in Section 4.4, insert an amount of conditioned paper equivalent to 4.0 grams 0.1 ovendry grams per tube. Four tubes are required to ag
27、e one test unit with fold strips (40) and tear strips (8 to 16, depending on grammage) divided evenly between the four tubes. For tubes of different volume, adjust the number of strips proportionately to maintain the required 0.0275 ovendry grams of paper per cubic centimeter of internal capped tube
28、 volume. Ensure that there are at least 40 fold strips and 8 to 16 tear strips (depending on grammage) in each test unit. 7.11 If the required ovendry weight of paper cannot be acquired by adjustment of specimen dimensions (within the allowable tolerances), cut an additional small portion of paper f
29、rom the same test unit and add it to the tube to provide the required mass per unit volume for the tube size being utilized. 7.12 While still in the conditioned room, insert the conditioned specimens into the aging tubes. For the tear strength test, roll test strips of the paper (two to four, depend
30、ing on grammage), one atop the other, for proper sample insertion into the internal periphery of the aging tubes. Ensure that the tear test strips are free of folds or creases at the time they are finally in place in the tube. Insert the fold specimens inside the rolled tear test strips. Put the cap
31、s into place and secure (hand-tight) to provide a complete seal. 7.13 Provide a means to identify the test units being tested by making an identification mark on the exterior of each aging tube. 7.14 Prior to aging, raise the oven temperature to 100C 1C. 7.15 Insert loaded tubes into the heated oven
32、 on their sides and place them so as to be only one layer deep on each oven rack. 7.16 Age the test units continuously for 120 0.5 hours. 7.17 Upon removal from the oven, return each tube to the room conditioned per TAPPI T 402 and allow them to equilibrate unopened to room temperature for a minimum
33、 of 1 hour. Note any observable change in paper appearance. Observe these changes through the tube without its having been uncapped. If the color of the aged samples appears different in different tubes, the samples with the lighter color may not be airtight. 7.18 Uncap the tubes upon their return t
34、o the ambient temperature of the conditioned room and then allow the specimens to equilibrate for at least 24 hours. 7.19 Once the paper has reached equilibrium with room conditions, remove the specimens with tweezers, taking care to assure that no creases or folds are made in the paper. 7.20 Carefu
35、lly unroll the tear test strips and place them on a flat, clean, inert surface. Cover them with a sheet of glass or Plexiglas. Add weight atop the sheet of glass or Plexiglasin order to provide a total weight of approximately 1 kg applied evenly over the full surface of the tear strips. Leave the we
36、ight in place for at least 12 hours. The uniform, low-pressure application of force on the surface of the tear test strips is required to reduce the curl in the strips at the time of their testing. At the end of the “flattening” period, carefully remove the weight from the tear test strips. 7.21 Per
37、form tests on the test units in accordance with the relevant TAPPI test method. Perform these tests at the same time on unaged and aged (according to the procedure described above) test units of the same paper sample. As a minimum, the tests to be performed must include: 7.21.1 M.I.T. fold endurance
38、 in the machine direction (MD) of the paper 7.21.2 Tear strength in the cross direction (CD) of the paper. 8. Applicable standards TAPPI Standards: TAPPI T 231 “Zero-Span Breaking Strength of Pulp (Dry Zero-Span Tensile)” T 573 sp-15 Accelerated temperature aging of printing and writing paper by dry
39、 oven exposure apparatus / 4 TAPPI T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product” TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmosphere for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets and Related Products” TAPPI T 412 “Moisture in Pulp, Paper and Paperboar
40、d” TAPPI T 414 “Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper (Elmendorf-Type Method)” TAPPI T 494 “Tensile Breaking Properties of Paper and Paperboard (Using Constant Rate of Elongation Apparatus)” TAPPI T 511 “Folding Endurance of Paper (MIT Tester)” 9. Report No report is required for a Standard Practice.
41、 10. Precision A precision statement is not required for a Standard practice. 11. Keywords Paper, Accelerated tests, Aging tests, Life tests, Physical properties, Durability, Stability, Strength tests 12. Additional information 12.1 Effective date of issue: April 21, 2015. 12.2 Additional Mechanical
42、 Strength Testing 12.2.1 Alternate mechanical strength tests may be performed at the discretion of the testing authority (note: no paper stability determination values have been determined for these alternate tests). They shall be according to the relevant TAPPI test method and may include: 12.2.2 T
43、ensile energy absorption (TEA) 12.2.3 Zero-span tensile strength 12.2.4 Tensile energy absorption testing procedure is found in TAPPI T 494. Zero-span tensile strength is found in TAPPI T 231. 12.3 Paper Composition 12.3.1 This method applies to cellulose (i.e., wood, cotton, etc.) based fibers. Non
44、-cellulose paper may require research to gain assurance that this method is sound for such papers. 12.4 Limitations of Temperature Test 12.4.1 It should be mentioned that natural aging is variously the result of the action of heat, light, and chemicals (e.g. pH), including pollutants from the air th
45、at become entrained into the paper. This protocol is intended to characterize only thermally induced reactions. In different conditions of natural aging, an infinite range of conditions can be found where one or more of these elements are differently “mixed.” Therefore, for the greatest understandin
46、g of possible future aging effects, the investigator may wish to accelerate paper aging separately by elevated temperature, by elevated light flux, and by increased concentration of common pollutant gases. 12.5 The 2009 version was revised from a Provisional Method to become a Standard Practice. 12.
47、6 The 2015 edition had one minor editorial change. References Forsskhl, I.; Light Aging Test Method Development: ASTM Research Program into the Effect of Aging on Printing and Writing Papers; KCL; August 2000 5 / Accelerated temperature aging of printing and writing paper T 573 sp-15 by dry oven exp
48、osure apparatus Atalla, R; Bond, J.; Hunt, C.; Agarwal, U.; Quantification and Prediction of Aging of Printing and Writing Papers Exposed to Light: ASTM Research Program into the Effect of Aging on Printing and Writing Papers; USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, August 2000 Kaminska, E.
49、; Bgin, P.; Grattan, D.; Woods, D.; Blow, A.; ASTM/ISR Research Program on the Effects of Aging on Printing and Writing Papers: Accelerated Aging Test Method Development; Canadian Conservation Institute; January 2001 Shahani, C.; Lee, S.B.; Hengemihle, F.H.; Harrison, G.; Song, P.; Sierra, M.L.; Ryan, C.C.; Weberg, N.; Accelerated Aging of Paper: I. Chemical Analysis of Degradation Products; II. Application of Arrhenius Relationship; III. Proposal for a New Accelerated Aging Test: ASTM Research Program into the Effect of Aging on Printing and Writing
