1、CANADIAN ENGLISH (MAINLAND),A PRESENTATION BY BER!L KTEM, MARKUS WIRTZ and FLORIAN ZNDORF,Introduction,The report tries to show Canadian English as a variety of ASECanadian? Or American?Problems of Canadians Nowadays huge similarity to AECE has its own features Phonology, vocabulary, etc.Try to work
2、 out, that Canadian English has its own linguistic history“English (CaE) is a variety of English used in Canada. It is spoken as a Canadian first or second language by over 25 millionor 85 percent ofCanadians (2001 census 1). Canadian English spelling can be described as a mixture of American, Briti
3、sh, Franglais, and unique Canadianisms. Canadian vocabulary is similar to American English, yet with key differences and local variations.”,History,CE was first recorded in 1854/1857 Goose milk or corrupt dialect (regardence of CE)“Canadian English, though diverse in communities and variable in the
4、speech of individuals, is not a composite of archaic or rustic features or a potpourri of British and American speechways but at true national language”1982,152,emphasis added R.BaileyDespite some bibliographies and collections the variety remains relatively understudied New interests in world varie
5、ties of English, multilingual population are good for studies Nowadays it is generally agreed that CE is originated as a variant of NA E To understand Canadians and their language” it is necessary to take a look at the settlement history,Settlement History,The reason for the homogeneity of CE over a
6、 huge distanceCanadian English has been influenced linguistically through 2 waves 1.)British 2.)American -French has an important role Newfoundland English settlers at the beginning of the 17th centuryNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Islands changed hands from French to English and final
7、ly remained English in 1713 handed to England Gaelic speakers settled at Cape Breton and German speakers in Lunenburg County. They produced a complex pattern of rural dialectsSettlement by British Loyalists after the American Revolution in 1783 tripled English speaking population BL had different di
8、alects, Differences of CE and Maritimes English,Settlement History,Maritimes came from New England and seaports of NY State Central Canadians came from Western New England, NY and Pennsylvania- varieties evolved into SCE Formed 80% of the population of Upper Canada by 1813 Immigrants from England, I
9、reland and Scotland in the 1830s and 1840s, more influence on political and social institutions BL settled in Quebec after 1783 moving to the Eastern Townships southeast of Montreal By 1831 British settlers were majority, dominated by 1867 Since 1974 Quebec is French and dominates Quebec English Uni
10、formity of CE from Ontario west to Vancouver Island is usually explained by the settlement policy in 1867 Fear of Americans the railway and settlement was moved westwards by the government,Settlement History,Important positions were claimed by people from Ontario Children grew up speaking Canadian E
11、nglish Immigrants specially in the urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Montreal have preserved ties to their mother tongue 17%-30% Contribution to a multilingual Canada,CANADIANISMS,Canadianisms : words which are native to Canada or words which have meanings native to Canada,CANADIANISMS
12、,Some Canadianisms are borrowings. . from Canadian French:capelin or shanty. from the Aboriginal languages of Canada:kayak from Inuktitut, chipmunk from Ojibwa, saskatoon and muskeg from Cree, sockeye from Coast SalishMany of more than 10,000 Canadianisms are archaic, rare or ruralFor example: chest
13、erfield large sofa or couch in the 1940s and 1950s, now it has fallen out of general useMany other distinctly Canadian terms are current among the chiefly urban population of today Words for specific holidays:St. Jean Baptiste DayVictoria DayCanada DayWords for government institutions or agencies:Th
14、rone SpeechCIDA- Canadian International Development Agency,CANADIANISMS,FRENCH-ENGLISH RELATIONSanglophone : English-speaking personBill101 : The Charter of French Language, passed in 1977, requiring, among other things, that public signs in Quebec be in French onlyfrancophone : French-speaking pers
15、onlanguage police : The officials of the Commision de protection de la langue francaiseQuiet Revolution : The period 1960-6 in Quebec, marked by province-wide reforms and a growing separatist movementseparatist : A person who favors the secession of Quebec (or of the Western provinces) from Canada,C
16、ANADIANISMS,NATIVE PEOPLESAboriginal rights : Rights guaranteed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to those defined as Aboriginal by the Constitution Act, 1982First Nation : An Indian band or communityNative Friendship Centre : An institution in a predominantly non-Aboriginal community to provide
17、 social services to Aboriginal peoplestatus Indian : A person registered as an Indian under the Indian Act,CANADIANISMS,GOVERNMENT, LAW AND POLITICSBell-ringing : The ringing of bells in a legislative assembly to summon members for a voteConfederation : The act of creating the Dominion of Canada; al
18、so the federation of the Canadian provinces and territoriesFirst Ministers : The premiers of the provinces and the Prime Minister of Canadaimpaired : Having a blood alcohol level above the legal limitriding : a district whose voters elect a representative member to a legislative bodyRCMP : A member
19、of the Royal Canadian Mounted Policetransfer payment: A payment from the government to another level of government,CANADIANISMS,FINANCEBay Street and Howe Street : The stock markets in Toronto and VancouverGST : The goods and services tax; a value-added tax levied by the federal governmentPST : Prov
20、incial sales taxharmonized sales tax : A combination of the GST and PSTtoonie or twoonie : A Canadian two-dollar coin,CANADIANISMS,SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND PROGRAMSChild tax benefit (formerly family allowance) : A payment made by the federal government to mothers of children under 18, also baby bonushe
21、alth card or care card : A card identifying a person as eligible to receive medical treatment paid for by a public insurance companymulticulturalism : An official policy advocating a society composed of many culturally distinct groups, enacted into legislation in 1985social insurance number or SIN :
22、 A nine-digit number used by the government for identification purposesUIC : Unemployment Insurance Commission; also the insurance payment,CANADIANISMS,SPORTSJeux Canada Games : An annual national athletic competition, with events in summer and wintermurderball : A game in which players in opposing
23、teams attempt to hit their opponents with a large inflated ballParticipation : A private, nonprofit organization that promotes fitnessStanley Cup, Grey Cup, Briar, Queens Plate: Championships in hockey, (Canadian) football, curling and horse-racing,CANADIANISMS,FOOD AND DRINKall dressed : A hamburge
24、r with all the usual condiments on itdrink(ing) box : A small plasticized cardboard carton of juiceNanaimo bar : An unbaked square iced with chocolatescreech : A potent dark rum of Newfoundlandsmoked meat : Cured beef similar to pastrami but more heavily smoked, often associated with Montreal,CANADI
25、ANISMS,EDUCATIONbursary : A financial award to a university student (also Scottish and English)French immersion : An educational program in which anglophone students are taught entirely in Frenchreading week : A week usually halfway through the university term when no classes are heldresidence or re
26、s : A university dormitory,Like all dialects, Canadian English includes certain distinctive clipped forms emerge emergency room cash cash register physio physiotherapy homo homogenized milk grad graduation ceremony CanLit Canadian LiteratureCanadian English also includes distinctive slang expression
27、s chippy - short-tempered hoser an idiot keener an overzealous student to have had the biscuit to be no longer good for anything Molson muscle a beer belly,Linguistic features of Canadian English,PhonologyMorphosyntax and usageSpelling,Phonology,Canadian raisingRaised onset of the and diphthongs to
28、and before voiceless consonants: lout / loud bout / bowed bite / bide fife / fiveMerger of and Resulted in homophonous pairs: offal / awful Don / dawn,Phonology,Voicing of the intervocalicCanadians voice or flap intervocalic to : metal / medal latter / ladder atom / AdamYod droppingCanadians consist
29、ently drop yod in the diphthong after (suit) and variably do so after labials and verlarsRetention of ,Morphosyntax and usage,Verbal formsPrepositional idiomsSentence-final eh,Spelling,Mix of British and American EnglishSpelling varies from province to provinceSpelling varies from word to wordCanadi
30、ans choose the -ize / -yze ending over -ise / yse,Conclusion,Canadian English is the outcome of a number of factors. It is strongly marked by British English and because of the geographical proximity, Canadian English continues to be shaped by American English. The presence of a large French-speakin
31、g minority has also had an effect on Canadian English.,References,Barber, Katherine, editor (2004). The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, second edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-541816-6. Chambers, J.K. (1998). “Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making,” in The Canadian Oxford Diction
32、ary, 2nd ed., p. xi. Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052162181X. Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward, editors (2006). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast, 140, 234-236, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-2108-8. Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg (2006). The Atlas of North American English, 68, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.,T F Y A,
