1、 TIA-455-57-B (Revision of TIA-455-57-A) May 1994FOTP-57 Preparation and Examination of Optical Fiber Endface for Testing Purposes ANSI/TIA-455-57-B-1994 APPROVED: MAY 12, 1994 REAFFIRMED: SEPTEMBER 14, 2000 REAFFRIMED: MAY 10, 2005 REAFFIRMED: AUGUST 2, 2013 NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Pub
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6、 determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Project No. 3-3036-RF3, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA TR-42 Telecommunications Cabling Systems, TR-42.12 Subcommittee on Optical Fibers and Cables). Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION Technolo
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19、NG NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. TIA-455-57-BiFOTP-57Preparation and examination of optical fiber endface for testing purposesContentsForeword iii1 Introduction .12 Normative
20、references13 Apparatus24 Sampling and specimens45 Procedure .46 Calculations or interpretation of results.67 Documentation68 Specification information.79 Figures, tables charts, etc. 8Annex A (normative) Laser reflection fiber end inspection technique11Annex B (informative) Comparison between this F
21、OTP and IEC or ITU/TSrequirements.13References.14TIA-455-57-BiiThis page left blank.TIA-455-57-BiiiFOTP-57Preparation and examination of optical fiber endface for testing purposesForeword(This Foreword is informative only and is not part of this Standard.)From TIA Project No. 3036, formulated under
22、the cognizance of TIA FO-6.6,Subcommittee on Fibers and Materials.This FOTP is part of the series of test procedures included within RecommendedStandard EIA/TIA-455.There are 2 annexes, 1 of them normative and 1 informative.Key words: optical fiber, endface preparation, testing, cleavingTIA-455-57-B
23、ivThis page left blankTIA-455-57-B11 Introduction1.1 IntentThis procedure provides guidelines for acceptable optical fiber endfaceappearance and defines the techniques that are commonly employed to obtainsuch appearance. This procedure is intended to promote uniformity in fiber endpreparation qualit
24、y for testing purposes only and does not address issuesassociated with endface preparation and examination for the purposes ofpermanent termination (i.e., connectorization and splicing). This FOTP is notintended to require examination of every fiber end, nor is it intended to establishfirm requireme
25、nts, and is made available only to provide guidelines for variouslevels of end quality that may be called out in other FOTPs. Lastly, the intent ofthis method shall not be confused with the intent of FOTP-179, which isconcerned primarily with the comparison of relative results.1.2 HazardsThe procedu
26、re may involve the use of certain hazardous materials, operationsand equipment. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this procedure toestablish appropriate safety practices and to determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use. Note, in particular, that some fluids used maybe
27、flammable or may constitute health hazards, or both. Use proper precautionsduring handling and during the balance of the procedure. Constant, prolonged orexcess exposure to solvents such as Freon, 1-1-1 trichloroethane, methylenechloride and methyl isobutyl ketone may act as a carcinogen or damage i
28、nternalorgans. Use solvents in a well-ventilated area and avoid skin contact as astandard precaution. Consult safety data sheets for these materials.2 Normative referencesTest or inspection requirements may include, but are not limited to, the followingreferences:EIA/TIA-455-A, Standard Test Procedu
29、re for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables,Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and Transmitting Devices, and Other FiberOptic ComponentsFOTP-13 (RS-455-13), Visual and Mechanical Inspection of Fibers, Cables,Connectors, and/or Fiber Optic DevicesTIA-455-57-B2FOTP-179 (EIA-455-179), Inspection of Cleaved Fiber E
30、nd Faces byInterferometryNQ-EIA-5460000, Generic Specification for a Field Portable Optical InspectionDevice3 ApparatusA wide variety of end preparation equipment is available, designed to give flatendfaces, perpendicular to the fiber axis. Any of this equipment is acceptable,provided the end angle
31、and facial condition of the prepared fiber are of sufficientquality to ensure the necessary accuracy and precision required for the particularquality control measurement to be made. When special equipment is required, itshall be specified in the affected FOTP. The following guidelines may be usefuli
32、n deciding upon equipment to be used:3.1 Cleaving, cutting and slicing devicesCleaving, cutting and slicing devices are usually of the scribe-and-break variety,but are not necessarily restricted to this category. Tension on the fiber is usuallyapplied, either by tensile load or a bend, some time dur
33、ing or after the impositionof the scribing operation3.2 Mechanical stripperA mechanical stripping device may be employed to remove fiber coating if thechemical cleaning fluids (refer to 3.4) are not used. Note, however, that somefiber manufacturers have fiber coatings that are not removable by mecha
34、nicalmeans.3.3 Fiber polishing equipmentEnd-polishing equipment may be used, although it is often unnecessary for thepurpose of making optical measurements.TIA-455-57-B33.4 Cleaning fluidsA cleaning fluid may be required, its composition dependent upon the chemistryof the fiber itself and its coatin
35、g (e.g., acetone, isopropyl alcohol and othersolvents have been successfully used with some fibers).CAUTION: Refer to 1.23.5 MicroscopeUse an optical microscope, such as the one specified in EIA-5460000. Typicalinspections can be accomplished with magnifications as prescribed in FOTP-13.Use a magnif
36、ication of 200X for U.S. military applications or for rigorousexamination of fibers with a diameter of less than or equal to 140 m.3.6 Fiber positioning and holding equipmentA means of positioning the fiber such that the fiber axis is perpendicular to theplane of cleaving, cutting or polishing is no
37、rmally used during cleaving, cuttingand polishing operations. Such fixtures shall be fabricated of materials that willnot degrade the acceptable endface quality. In positioning operations, positioningmeans may require use of curing fluids.3.1 InterferometerThe physical profile of fiber endfaces can
38、be measured with an interferometerconfigured to compare fiber endfaces to an optical flat (e.g., refer to FOTP-179).Such devices typically display a “contour map” of the fiber endface. End-anglesare computed from the number of fringes observed across the image of the fiberface (although this is stri
39、ctly valid only for straight, parallel fringe patterns).Interferometers specifically designed for measuring fiber endfaces arecommercially available. For critical measurements requiring flat, perpendicularendfaces, the interferometer is recommended. End-angles as small as 0.1degree and surface featu
40、res with heights/depths of about 0.2 to 0.3 m can beaccurately measured.3.8 Other equipmentSupplementary equipment may be used as required for auxiliary illumination,positioning, handling, accelerating fluid curing times, examination of the preparedend, etc. (e.g., local temperature changing apparat
41、us may be utilized, liquidsmay be used during polishing as carriers, lubricant, etc.).TIA-455-57-B44 Sampling and specimensA sample consists of the fiber or cable being prepared. Remove all protectivejacketing and buffer materials from the fiber end area, as required.5 Procedure5.1 ConditionsThis pr
42、ocedure may be conducted under factory ambient atmospheric conditionsor applicable field application environmental conditions as required. In case ofany dispute, repeat the procedure using Standard Atmospheric Conditionsrequired by EIA/TIA-455-A, clause 6.5.2 MethodsSelect the appropriate end prepar
43、ation method from the following as determinedby fiber type and/or application. Examination is performed according to 5.3.5.2.1 Procedure A - Fiber cleaving, cutting or slicingCleaving, cutting or slicing, as appropriate, is accomplished using suitableapparatus (refer to clause 3). The cleaving proce
44、dure (applicable to all-silicafibers and for plastic clad silica fibers) generally includes a “scoring” of the fibersperipheral surface or other means of inducing a stress concentration in adirection perpendicular to the fiber axis using a scribing device. Cleaving willgenerally be induced by extern
45、ally applied tensile or bending forces on the fiberperiphery in the area of “score” after and/or during this inducing of stressconcentration. This causes the “score” to propagate in a controlled manner,producing a cleave.For plastic clad silica fibers, remove the cladding from the fiber core by chem
46、ical,mechanical or other stripping means, to expose sufficient fiber core to permitcleaving. Following the cleaving, recoat the core with replacement claddingmaterials having a suitable index of refraction. This is not necessary if the plasticcladding is of sufficient hardness. These fibers will usu
47、ally be described as hardclad silica fibers.Cutting or splicing is typically used for all-plastic fiber. This is usuallyaccomplished by using a sharp blade to cut the fiber and is usually followed bypolishing.TIA-455-57-B55.2.2 Procedure B - Fiber polishingUsing suitable positioning means and polish
48、ing materials, expose the fiberspecimen to polishing surfaces that produce successively higher-quality fiber endfinishes and approaching a mirror end finish, as required. A “figure 8” pattern ofpolishing is generally used with manual polishing techniques.Preliminary grinding, chopping, cutting or br
49、eaking of the fiber specimen mayprecede the polishing operation. Care shall be exercised to avoid rough grindingor breaking that may cause “spikes” or crack propagation extending beyond theplane of polishing into the fiber core.This procedure is usually used for all-plastic fiber following the cutting procedure.It can also be used as an alternative procedure for all-silica and plastic clad silicafibers. However, for the purposes of testing, cleaving is normally used andconsidered sufficient for these fiber types.If polishing is required for plastic clad silica fibers, remove the
