1、e AM C MIL-HDBK-1200 7777770 OL07L37 207 I 1 NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE MIL-HDBK-1200 (EA) 16 NOVEMBER 1992 MILITARY HANDBOOK CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL (CB) I AGENTS DETECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEMS FSC 6665 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by I
2、HS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-FOREWORD 1. This military handbook is approved for use by all Activities and Agencies of the Department of the Army and is available for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. Benefi
3、cial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, US Army Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center, ATTN: SMCCR-PET-S, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423, by using the self-
4、addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 3. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the US Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the US Army Industrial En
5、gineering Activity. Research Triangle Institute was the prime contractor for the preparation of this handbook, which was prepared under Contract No. 4. This handbook provides military design engineers, scientists, analysts, and planners with a guide to research of chemical and biological detection s
6、ystems. It provides a consistent and thorough approach to evaluating the technical options available for design and development of detection and monitoring systems. DAAA09-86-D-0009. II Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-1200
7、 m VVVVVO oiov,u w m MIL-HDBK-I200(EA) CONTENTS FORE WORD LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vu L1ST OF TABLES x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .xi ii . CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE 1- 1-2 SCOPE 1-1 1-3 BACKGROUND 1-2 1-3.1 HISTORY 1-2 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE . 1-15 1-3.2 1-4 OVERVIEW . 1-17 RE
8、FERENCES . 1-17 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 1-18 CHAPTER 2 CB AGENTS: CHARACTERISTICS AND DISSEMINATION TECHNIQUES 2-1 INTRODUCTION 2-1 2-2 AGENT CHARACTERISTICS . 2-2 2-2.1 CHEMICAL AGENTS 2-5 2-2.1.3 Blood Agents . 2-2.1.4 Choking Agents . 2-8 2-2.2 BIOLOGICAL AGENTS . 2-10 2-2.2.1 Bacteria . 2-12 2-2.2.4 Toxi
9、ns . 2-13 2-3 AGENT DISSEMINATION . 2-14 2-3.1.2 Gases . 2-19 2-3.1.3 Aerosols 2-20 BIOLOGICAL AGENT DISSEMINATION . 2-22 . 2-2.1 . 1 Nerve Agents 2-5 2-2.1.2 Blister Agents 2-6 2-7 2-2.1.5 Vomiting Agents 2-8 2-2.2.2 Viruses . 2-13 2-2.2.3 Rickettsia 2-13 2-3.1 CHEMICAL AGENTS 2-16 2-3.1.1 Liquid 2
10、-16 2-3.2 . REFERENCES 2-23 CHAPTER 3 OPERATIONAL SITUATIONS AND DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS 3- 1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3-2 SITUATIONS . 3-1 3-2.3 RECONNAISSANCE (RECON) . 3-8 REFERENCES 3-13 3-2.1 COMBAT AND COMBAT SUPPORT 3-3 3-2.2 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT (CSS) 3-4 3-2.4 FIXED SITE INSTALLATIONS (FSI) 3-9 BIB
11、LIOGRAPHY . 3-13 . 111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-L200 MI L-H DB K-l200( EA) CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL (CB) DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES 4- 1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4-2 CHEMICAL METHODS . 4-1 4-2.1 COLORIMETRIC . 4-4 4-2.
12、2 FLUOROMETRIC 4-4 4-2.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL 44 4-3 PHYSICAL METHODS 4-6 SPECTROSCOPIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGIES . 4-6 4-3.1 4-3 .I . 1 4-3.1.2 4-3 .i . 3 4-3.1.4 DISCiDIAL . 4-10 4-3.1.5 Raman Scattering 4-10 4-3 . 1.6 Laser-Induced Fluorescence 4-10 4-3 . I . 7 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy .
13、 4-11 4-3 . I . 8 Circular Intensity Differential Scattering (CIDS) 4-11 4-3.1.9 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) . 4-11 4-3.1.1 1 Optical Waveguide (OWG) 4-12 Interferometry . 4-9 Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging . 4-9 Differential Scattering (DISC) . 4-10 4-3.1.10 Photothermal B
14、eam Deflection . 4-12 4-3.2 4-3.3 MASS SPECTROMETRY (MS) 4-12 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES USING PHYSICAL METHODS . 4-13 4-3.3. I Piezoelectric Crystals . 4-13 4-3.3.2 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Devices . 4-13 4-3.3.3 Ionization-Based Concepts 4-13 4-4 BIOTECHNOLOGY METHODS 4-15 4-4.1 CHEMILUMINESCENCE . 4-1
15、5 4-4.2 PARTICHROME 4-15 4-4.4 TAGGED ANTIBODIES 4-15 4-4.3 ELECTRO-OPTICAL METHODS . 4-15 4-4.5 OTHER BIOTECHNOLOGY METHODS . 4-16 4-4.5. I Polarization of Fluorescence . 4-16 4-4.5.2 DNA-RNA Hybrids 4-16 4-4.5.3 Esterase Methods 4-17 4-4.5.4 Vapor Phase Chromatography 4-17 4-4.5.5 Virus Detection
16、Approaches 4-17 4-4.5.6 Fluorometric Assay of Heme Proteins . 4-17 REFERENCES . 4-17 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 4-18 CHAPTER 5 DETECTION PROCESSES 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5-2 SAMPLE ACQUISITION 5-3 5-2.1 POINT SAMPLING COLLECTION . 5-3 Chemical Agents . 5-3 5-2 .I . I 5-2 .I . I . 1 Heater . 5-5 5-2 . I . I . 2 Du
17、st Prefilter 5-5 5-2.1 . 1 . 3 Chemical Prefilters 5-5 5-2.1.1.4 Transfer Lines . 5-6 5-2.1.1.5 Detection Cell . 5-6 5-2.1.1.6 Air Pump System 5-7 5-2 . i . i . 7 Agent Filters 5-7 . 5-2 . i . 2 Biological Agent Point Sampling Collection 5-7 iv Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or netwo
18、rking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-1200 5-2.2 LINE-OF-SIGHT SAMPLE COLLECTION 5-8 5-2.2.1 Chemical Agents 5-8 5-3 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 5-11 5-3.1 VISUAL . 5-12 5-3.2 ELECTRONIC 5-12 5-3.2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 5-12 5-3.2.2 Pattern Recognition 5-14 Other Discriminating Functions 5-14
19、 5-4.1 VISIBLE INDICATION 5-15 5-4.2 AUDIO ALARM . 5-15 5-4.3 ELECTRICAL SIGNAL . 5-16 REFERENCES . 5-16 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 5-16 5-2.2.2 Biological Agents . 5-10 5-3.2.3 5-4 RESPONSE (ALARM) . 5-14 CHAPTER 6 DETECTOR PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 6-1 INTRODUCTION 6-1 6-2 SENSITIVITY 6-4 RELATION TO Ct AND ZCtso
20、6-5 6-2.2 COMBAT CONCENTRATIONS 6-6 6-2.3 BACKGROUND . 6-7 6-3 RESPONSE TIME . 6-8 RELATION OF RESPONSE TIME TO HUMAN DOSE RESPONSE (Ct) . 6-9 RELATION OF RESPONSE TIME TO MASKING TIME . 6-9 -6-4 DISCRIMINATION AND SPECIFICITY 6-10 6-4 .I DISCRIMINATION . 6-10 6-4.2 SPECIFICITY . 6-11 6-5 SYSTEM DES
21、IGN CONSIDERATIONS UNIQUE TO CB DETECTION AND MONITORING 6-11 6-5.1 AGENT IDENTIFICATION . 6-11 6-5.2 AUTOMATIC OPERATION 6-12 6-5.3 UNATTENDED OPERATION 6-13 INTEGRATED LOGISTIC SUPPORT (ILS) CONSIDERATIONS 6-14 LOGISTICS SUPPORT ANALYSIS (LSA) . 6-14 Constraints-Environmental Requirements . 6-15 C
22、onstraints-Size and Weight . 6-17 RELIABILITY, AVAILABILITY, AND MAINTAINABILITY (RAM) . 6-17 MANPOWER AND PERSONNEL INTEGRATION (MANPRINT) 6-18 Manpower, Personnel, and Training . 6-18 Health Hazards and System Safety 6-19 NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL (NBC) CONTAMINATION SURVIVABILITY . 6-21 6
23、-2.1 6-3.1 6-3.2 . 6-5.4 AGENT QUANTIFICATION 6-14 6-6 .I 6-6 6-6.1. I 6-6.1.2 6-6.1.3 Constraints-Power 6-17 6-6.2 6-6.3 6-6.3. I 6-6.3.2 6-6.3.3 Human Factors 6-20 6-6.3.4 Tradeoffs . 6-21 . 6-7 REFERENCES 6-25 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6-26 . . V Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking pe
24、rmitted without license from IHS -,-,-MI L-HDBK-1200( EA) CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF DETECTION SYSTEMS 7-1 INTRODUCTION 7-1 7-2 CHEMICAL POINT DETECTORS 7-1 7-2.1 THREAT . 7-2 7-2.2 REQUIREMENTS (CRITERIA) 7-2 7-2.3 COMPONENT DESIGN . 7-2 7-2.3.1 Sample Acquistion 7-3 7-2.3.2 Sample Analysis . .-. . 7-4 7-
25、2.3.3 Response (Alarm) 7-6 7-2.3.3.1 Visual Response 7-7 7-2.3.3.2 Audible Response . 7-7 7-2.3.3.3 Remote Response Indication . 7-8 7-2.4.1 Agent Identification . 7-8 7-2.4.2 Automatic Operation . 7-8 7-2.4.3 Unattended Operation . 7-9 7-2.4.4 Agent Quantification . 7-9 7-2.4.5 Integrated Logistic
26、Support (ILS) and Logistic Support Analysis (LSA) Considerations 7-9 7-2.4.6 Environmental Requirements 7-10 7-2.4.7 7-2.4.8 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability . 7-12 7-2.4.9 Manpower and Personnel Integration (MANPRINT) and NBC Contamination Survivability . 7-12 7-2.4 OTHER DESIGN CONSI
27、DERATIONS 7-8 Size, Weight, and Power Requirements . 7-12 7-3 CHEMICAL STANDOFF DETECTORS . 7-12 7-3.1 THREAT . 7-12 7-3.2 REQUIREMENTS (CRITERIA) 7-12 7-3.3 COMPONENT DESIGN . 7-14 7-3.3. I Sample Acquisition . 7-14 7-3.3.1.1 Entrance Window . 7-14 7-3.3.1.2 Spatial Scanner . 7-14 7-3.3.1.3 Spectro
28、meter . 7-15 7-3.3.1.3.1 Reference Source Assembly 7-15 7-3.3.1.3.2 Inteferometer 7-15 7-3.3.1.3.3 IR Detector Assembly 7-15 7-3.3.1.4 Laser Standoff Detector 7-16 7-3.3.2 Sample Analysis 7-17 7-3.3.2. I Detection Technology . 7-17 7-3.3.2.2 Signal Processing 7-18 7-3.3.2.3 Detection on the Move (Au
29、tonomous Background Compensation) 7-18 7-3.3.3 Response (Alarm) 7-19 7-4 BIOLOGICAL DETECTORS 7-19 7-4.1 THREAT . 7-20 7-4.2 REQUIREMENTS (CRITERIA) 7-20 7-4.3 COMPONENT DESIGN . 7-20 7-4.3.1 Sample Acquisition . 7-20 7-4.3.2 Sample Analysis 7-20 7-4.3.3 Response (Alarm) 7-22 RE FER EN CES . 7-22 vi
30、 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-1200 9999970 0209345 502 MI L-HDBK-l200(EA) I I I APPENDIX A ! A-1.1 SIGNAL AVERAGING . A-1 A-1.2 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (FFT) . A-l I A-1.3 PHASE CORRECTION AND FEATURE EXTRACTION . A-2 A-
31、1.4 AVERAGE BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION A-2 A-1.5 MOVING AVERAGE SUBTRACTION . A-2 A-1.6 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT . A-2 A-1.7 MULTIPLE LINEAR DISCRIMINANTS . A-2 A-1.8 DUAL THRESHOLD . A-2 A-1.9 LOGICAL COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE LINEAR DISCRIMINANTS A-3 A-1.10 SEQUENTIAL CLASSIFIER . A-3 A-1.1 1 AVERAGE BACKGROUN
32、D UPDATE . A-4 XM21 ALGORITHM TRAINING A-4 A-2.1 APPROACH A-4 A-2.2 IMPLEMENTATION A-4 A-2.3 EVALUATION A-6 REFERENCES . A-6 I A-2 GLOSSARY G-1 . INDEX I- 1 SAMPLE SIGNAL PROCESSING DESIGN A-J DETECTION AND DISCRIMINATION ALGORITHMS PROCESSING STEPS A-1 vii I Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reprod
33、uction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-1200 9 9999970 0109146 449 m MIL-HDBK-1200( EA) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure No . Title Anatomy of Bacteria . 2- i 2-2 2-3 2-4 3- I 4- I 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-1 I 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 5- I 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5
34、 5-6 5-7 5-8 5 -9 5-10 5-1 I 5-12 5-13 5-14 6- 1 6-2 6- 3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 7- I 7-2 7-3 7-4 Page . 2.13 Average Sampling Efficiency for Mouth Breathing . 2-21 Average Sampling Efficiency for Nasal Breathing . 2-21 Deposition Fraction for Inhaled Aerosols of Various Particle Sizes 2-22 Standar
35、dized MOPP Levels 3-2 Reactions Employed in Visual Kits: Test for Lewisite . 4-1 Reactions Employed in Visual Kits: DB3-NaOH Test for HD or HN . 4-2 Reactions Employed in Visual Kits: Test for Cyanogen Chloride 4-2 Reactions Employed in Visual Kits: General Test for Anticholinesterase Material - Pho
36、sphoro, Phosphono, Quaternary Ammonium Salts, and Carbamates . 4-3 Reaction of G-Agent With IBA . 4-5 Schematic of Electromagnetic Spectrum . 4-6 Discrimination of Nerve Agents Versus One Type of Dust 4-8 Fluorescence Phenomena 4-8 Passive Infrared Detection Schematic . 4-9 Differential Absorption .
37、 4-9 Differential Scattering Principle 4-10 DISC/ DIAL LIDAR Experimental Results . 4-11 Mass Spectrometer Principle . 4-12 Ionization Detection Concept 4-14 Major Operations of the Detection Process . 5-2 Illustrative Sampling Efficiency for a Typical Detector Sampling Nozzle 5-4 Components of Chem
38、ical Agent Point Sampling Acquisition . 5-5 M8 Alarm Detection Cell 5-6 M8 Detection Cell Module Design 5-7 Monitoring One Agent Cloud by LOS Detection 5-8 Signal Return With DMMP Vapor in Chamber . 5-9 Signal Return With DMMP Vapor and Aerosol in Chamber . 5-9 Excitation and Fluorescence Spectra of
39、 a Biological Simulant Escherichia coli in Water (-5 X IOh/mL) 5-10 Excitation and Fluorescence Spectra for Tryptophan in Water (0.001 g/ L, pH-7) . 5-10 Sample Analysis Process . 5-11 Comparison of the Linear Dynamic Range and Detection Limits for Various Gas Chromotography Detectors . 5-11 Decompo
40、sition of Oxime Reagent . 5-12 Block Diagram of the Response Process . 5-15 Selection of Alternatives 6-22 Decontaminability Performance Criteria . 6-22 Hardness Performance Criteria . 6-22 Compatibility Performance Criteria 6-23 Cover or Cap Closure Designs 6-23 Protecting Hydraulic and Hose Connec
41、tions . 6-23 Protecting Foot Pedal Linkages 6-23 Generic Types of Agent Contamination 6-24 Contamination Avoidance: Paints . 6-24 Components of the Primary Batteries for the M43 and M43A1 Detectors 7-8 7-11 7-11 XM21 Detector Functional Block Diagram 7-14 Reactions Employed in Visual Kits: Test for
42、G-Type Agents (Schoenemann Reaction) 4-2 Disposable Plastic Sampler . 4-3 GB Spectrum . 4-7 0 M43 Detector Power Consumption at Low Temperature Rain or Snow Cap . . . VI11 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-7-5 ix 1 a :I: 7-8 7 -9 7-1
43、0 7-1 1 A- 1 A-2 A-3 A-4 Michelson Interferometer 7-16 Flex Pivot or Porch Swing Mechanism . 7-17 Optical Diagram of the Field Lens Assembly 7-17 Typical Real-World AT Ranges Based on XM2i Field Trials . 7-18 XM 19 Functional Block Diagram . 7-21 Collector-Concentrator Concept Design 7-21 XM2 1 Real
44、-Time Signal Processing A- 1 Sequential Classifier Decision Space . A-3 Automated XM21 Training . A-4 Simplified Variably Incremental, Alternative Gradient Descent Procedure . A-5 Spectral Features of Agent and Interferent 7-19 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted w
45、ithout license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-1200 M IL-HDBK-1200( EA) LIST OF TABLES Table No . 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1 -6 1-7 2- I 2-2 2- 3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-1 I 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 3- I 3-2 3-3 . 3-4 5- I 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 6- 1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 7- I 7-2 A-1 Title Page S
46、ummary of Chemical Detector Kits and Liquid Agent Detectors 1-5 Summary of Point Sampling Automatic Chemical Agent Alarms . 1-7 Summary of Biological Agent Detection Kits 1-11 Summary of Biological Agent Point Sampling Detectors 1-12 Summary of Biological Agent Standoff (Remote) Detection . 1-15 Def
47、inition of Reconnaissance, Detection, and Identification (RDI) Related Terms . 1-17 Summary of Chemical Agent Standoff (Remote) Detection Systems 1-10 Estimated Penetration Rate of Percutaneous Single-Drop Applications of VX Nerve Agent 2-4 Nerve Agent Properties . 2-5 Nerve Agent Toxicity 2-6 Blist
48、er Agent Properties 2-7 Blister Agent Toxicity . 2-7 Blood Agent Properties . 2-8 Blood Agent Toxicity 2-8 Choking Agent Toxicity 2-8 Choking Agents . 2-8 Vomiting Agents . 2-9 Vomiting Agent Toxicity . 2-9 Drop Size Distributions for Liquid Chemical Agents 2-16 Selected Biological Microorganisms 2-
49、11 Investigated Toxins . 2-14 Distribution of Drop Size and Contamination Density Combinations for Thickened Agents 2-16 Distribution of Drop Size and Contamination Density Combinations for Unthickened Agents 2-17 Effect of Thickening on Agent Properties 2-17 Thickened GD Downwind Dosage as a Function of Time . 2-18 Detector Characteristics and Performance Criteria for Combat and Combat Support 3-5
