1、 MIL-HDBK-415A 17 OCTOBER 1994 MIL-HDBK-415 1 FEBRUARY 1985 MILITARY HANDBOOK DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS AMSC N/A AREA TCSS DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS und
2、er license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iiFOREWORD1. This military handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department ofDefense.2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent
3、data which may be of usein improving this document should be addressed to: HQ, U.S. Army Information Systems EngineeringCommand: ATTN: ASQB-OST, Fort Huachuca, Arizona 85613-5300, by using the StandardizationDocument Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by let
4、ter.3. Interoperability of DoD telecommunications systems, and of DoD with non-DoD telecommunicationssystems, has been and will continue to be a major consideration in the development and adoption of standardsand handbooks for military use.a. Military standards in the 188 series (MIL-STD-188-XXX) do
5、cument telecommunications designparameters that are based on empirical data, and must be used in all new or major upgrades of inter- andintra-DoD systems and equipment to ensure interoperability.b. Military standards in the 187 series (MIL-STD-187-XXX) document evolving telecommunicationsdesign para
6、meters and concepts that are subject to change and that have not been adequately proventhrough the use of empirical test data. MIL-STD-187XXX standards should be used as planningstandards and guides until parameter, proven and included in approved federal, allied, MIL-STD- I 88-XXX, or DoD adopted c
7、ommercial standards.c. Military handbooks developed under the TCSS standardization area provide: implementation guidance,tutorial explanation, and examples of systems level engineering design. The military handbooksprovide the “how to“ information required to accomplish engineering designs in accord
8、ance with theapplicable standard in the MIL-STD-188 or MIL-STD-187-series.4. This handbook supports fiber optic communications design and MIL-STD-188-111.Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted withou
9、t license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415Aiii/ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank the following publishers for granting permission to use copyright material in thishandbook: AT&T, DDM-2000 Guide. Hewlett Packard, H.P. Lightwave Seminar. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Optical-Fiber Communication Systems. SAMS Publishing,
10、 a Division of Macmillan Computer Publishing, Optical FiberTransmission. TAB Books, a Division of McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fiber Optic Communications Handbook.Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without
11、 license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AThis Page Intentionally Left BlankCopyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AvTABLE OF CONTENTSSECTION PAGECHAPTER 1 SCOPE1.1
12、Purpose.11.2 Applicability 11.3 Application guidance .11.4 Suggestions for use 11.5 References11.6 Classification1CHAPTER 2 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS2.1 Government documents .32.1.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks32.1.2 Other Government documents, drawings, and publications 52.2 Non-Government p
13、ublications.62.3 Order of precedence.7CHAPTER 3 DEFINITIONS3.1 Terms .93.2 Abbreviations and acronyms9CHAPTER 4 FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS OVERVIEW4.1 Basic components 134.2 Basic types .134.2.1 Long-haul FOCS134.2.2 Tactical FOCS134.2.3 Fixed base FOCS .134.2.4 Area networks 134.3 Special purpose FO syste
14、ms 154.4 Physical properties of optical fiber 154.4.1 Optical fiber versus copper cable.154.4.2 Susceptibility to damage154.5 Bandwidth of optical fiber .154.5.1 Multimode fiber .164.5.2 Single-mode fiber.164.6 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)/ElectromagneticCompatibility (EMC) and Electromagnetic
15、 Pulse (EMP)/HEMP/Radiation exposure concerns of optical fiber.164.7 Transmission medium17Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AviTABLE OF CONTENTS - contin
16、uedSECTION PAGE4.8 FO system components184.9 FO cable.184.10 FO connectors and splices .18CHAPTER 5 - OPTICAL FIBERS AND FIBER OPTIC CABLES5.1 Types, parameters, and composition195.2 Optical fibers195.2.1 Multimode fibers195.2.1.1 Multimode step-index fiber195.2.1.2 Multimode graded-index fiber .215
17、.2.1.3 Comparison of multimode fibers .215.2.2 Single-mode fiber.215.2.3 Comparison of single-mode and multimode fibers225.3 FO cable installation 225.3.1 Aerial225.3.2 Direct buried 225.3.3 Conduit.245.3.4 Under-water cable245.3.5 Building cable 255.4 Cable composition .255.5 Installation standards
18、 and practices .335.5.1 FO cable installation references.335.5.2 FO cable installation 345.5.2.1 Underground cable depths .345.5.2.2 Bending and pulling tension limitations 345.5.2.3 Cable ducts and raceways 355.5.2.4 FO cable storage 355.5.2.5 FO cable splicing .365.5.2.6 FO cable marking.365.5.2.7
19、 Installation records.365.5.3 Special considerations for installing tactical FO cable 365.6 Cable entrance points.36CHAPTER 6 - TRANSMITTERS, RECEIVERS, REPEATERS, AND REGENERATORS6.1 Transmitters .396.1.1 LED396.1.1.1 SLED39Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under licens
20、e with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AviiTABLE OF CONTENTS - continuedSECTION PAGE6.1.1.2 ELED .416.1.2 LD 416.1.2.1 LD operation 416.1.2.2 Characteristics416.1.3 Superluminescent diode (SLD)436.1.4 Comparison of LED and LD transmi
21、tters436.1.5 Laser diode resonant modes.466.1.6 Transmitter selection466.2 Receivers476.2.1 Photo detectors.476.2.2 Receiver selection 476.2.2.1 Sensitivity 476.2.2.2 Dynamic range.496.2.2.3 Maximum bit rate and bandwidth496.2.2.4 Responsitivity 496.3 Repeaters, regenerators, and optical amplifiers
22、.506.3.1 Repeaters506.3.2 Regenerators 506.3.3 Optical amplifiers.50CHAPTER 7 - OTHER COMPONENTS7.1 Connectors .517.1.1 Connector types .517.1.2 Selection considerations.517.2 Splices557.2.1 Mechanical splices.557.2.1.1 Grooved-plate, multifiber splice 557.2.1.2 Multirod alignment splice557.2.1.3 El
23、astomer splice.557.2.2 Fusion splices.577.2.3 Methods of reducing fiber end loss577.2.4 Fiber end preparation .577.2.5 Splice enclosure .577.3 Couplers .577.3.1 T couplers.587.3.2 Star couplers.587.4 Optical attenuators .60Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license
24、with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AviiiTABLE OF CONTENTS continuedSECTION PAGE7.5 Optical isolators. 627.5.1 Operation. 627.5.2 Usage. 627.5.3 Internal construction 62CHAPTER 8 - WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING8.1 Wavelength-divi
25、sion multiplexing (WDM) 658.2 WDM parameters 658.3 WDM techniques. 658.3.1 Methods of accomplishment . 66CHAPTER 9 - MODULATION AND CODING9.1 Modulation 699.2 Digital modulation. 699.3 Analog modulation 699.3.1 FM . 699.3.2 AM 699.3.3 IM 699.3.4 Compound modulation 709.4 Analog versus digital. 709.5
26、 Controlling factors in modulation . 709.6 Modulation bandwidth 709.6.1 Modulation bandwidth of LEDs 719.6.2 Modulation bandwidth of LDs 719.7 Coding . 719.7.1 NRZ. 739.7.2 RZ 739.7.3 Phase encoded . 739.7.4 Multilevel binary . 739.7.5 Coding levels and timing. 749.8 Asynchronous transmission. 749.9
27、 Synchronous transmission. 74CHAPTER 10 - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM DESIGN10.1 Introduction . 7510.1.1 Scope . 7510.1.2 Relationship to other chapters . 75Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitt
28、ed without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AixTABLE OF CONTENTS - continuedSECTION PAGE10.1.3 Methodology7510.2 System planning and requirements development 7710.41.1 System block diagram7710.2.2 System planning.7710.2.3 System architecture and network topology7910.2.4 System bandwidth and data rat
29、es.8310.2.5 Fiber counts and cable design8610.3 System performance.8710.3.1 System synchronization .8910.3.2 Line and path protection switching9010.3.3 System performance monitoring9210.3.4 Transient performance .9210.3.5 Transmission delay 9210.3.6 Environmental specifications.92CHAPTER 11 - LINK D
30、ESIGN11.1 Introduction9511.2 Scope9511.3 General design objectives 9511.4 Link design steps9511.5 Optical line rate9611.6 Operating wavelength 96111.7 Optical fiber selection9611.8 Optical transmitter selection 9811.9 Optical receiver selection.9811.10 Connectors, splices, and other passive devices1
31、0011.11 Power budget calculations .10311.12 Power penalties 10311.13 Rise time calculations 10411.14 Dispersion limited path length calculations.10511.15 Rise time versus bandwidth calculations .10511.16 Other design considerations.10611.16.1 Link availability.10611.16.2 Jitter: 10611.16.3 Receiver
32、dynamic range.10611.16.4 Total distortion.10711.17 Long-haul link design example107Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AxTABLE OF CONTENTS continuedSECTION
33、 PAGE11.18 Tactical link design example .112CHAPTER 12 FIBER OPTICS TESTING12.1 Introduction11712.2 Scope11712.3 Relationship to other chapters11712.4 Test methods and test equipment.11712.5 Component level test procedures.11712.5.1 Optical power.11712.5.2 Central wavelength and spectral width (band
34、width) .11812.5.3 Receiver sensitivity and maximum receiver input.12012.5.4 Passive components insertion loss.12512.5.5 Passive component return loss.12712.6 Fiber cable test procedures.12712.6.1 Fiber loss (attenuation) 12712.6.2 Fiber dispersion and bandwidth.13012.6.3 Fiber cable mechanical tests
35、 13512.7 System tests13512.7.1 OTDR.13512.7.2 BER, system power margin, or bit rate tolerance 13912.7.3 System jitter and waveform distortion.14212.8 System performance monitoring144CHAPTER 13 SAFETY13.1 General safety concerns .14913.2 Central purpose of laser safety.14913.3 Required laser safety s
36、tandards14913.4 Recommended laser safety guides.14913.5 Laser safety practices and procedures14913.6 SG parameters15013.7 Other safety concerns.15013.8 Applicable DoD documents.15013.9 Electrical hazards and fiber15113.10 Materials 15113.11 Safety and testing.151Copyright Communications - Electronic
37、s Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AxiTABLE OF CONTENTS - continuedSECTION PAGECHAPTER 14 - DOCUMENTATION14.1 General.15314.2 As-built installation drawings15314.3 Plant-in-place drawings .15
38、314.4 Engineering documentation systems154CHAPTER 15 - INTERFACE AND INTEROPERABIELITY15.1 Interface and interoperability.15515.2 Defense Standardization Program15515.3 Digital and analog interface circuits 15515.4 FOCS standards .15515.5 Interface selection 156CHAPTER 16 - GROUNDNG, BONDING, AND SH
39、IELDING16.1 Purpose of GBS protection against stress 15716.2 GBS of FOCS metallic components and cable elements.15716.3 Protection of FO cable from physical damage.15816.4 Multitier hardness levels for FO cable.158CHAPTER 17 - SECURITY17.1 Scope of security15917.2 Multitier specification15917.3 Data
40、 compromise .15917.4 Classified and sensitive information16017.5 Measures taken to protect communications.161LIST OF APPENDICESAPPENDIX PAGEAPPENDIX A - FUNDAMENTALS OF FIBER OPTICSA.1 Basic principles. A-1A.2 Signal propagation in optical fibers A-1A.2.1 Snells law . A-1A.2.2 Numerical aperture A-6
41、A.2.3 Modes of propagation . A-6A.3 FO properties A-6Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AxiiLIST OF APPENDICES continuedAPPENDIX PAGEA.3.1 AttenuationA-8A
42、. 3. 1.1 Absorption.A-8A.3.1.2 Scattering (Rayleigh Scattering) .A-8A.3.1.3 Binding losses .A-8A.3.2 Multimode (modal) distortion .A-9A.3.3 DispersionA-9A.3.3.1 Material dispersionA-9A.3.3.2 Waveguide dispersion .A-9A. 3.3.3 Profile dispersion.A-9A.3.4 Zero-dispersion wavelength A-10A.4 Leaky modesA
43、-10A.5 Chirping.A-10A.6 Bandwidth in FOsA-10A.6.1 FOCS bandwidth .A-10A.6.2 Fiber bandwidth.A-11A.7 The optical signal spectrumA- 12A.7.1 LED spectrumA-12A.7.2 LD spectrumA-12APPENDIX B - CALCULATION OF REQUIRED DETECTOR INPUT POWER FORDIGITAL LINKSB. I General B-1B.2 Detector input power for digita
44、l links . B-1B. 3 Energy per pulse B-1B.3.1 Photodetection. B-1B. 3.2 Quantum noise. B-1B. 3.3 Thermal noise B-3B.3.4 Receiver noise with PIN photodiode. B-3B.3.5 Receiver noise with APD B-3B.3.6 Relationship between gain and noise factor B-3B.3.7 Receiver figure of merit B-3B.3.8 Calculation of fig
45、ure of merit B-5B.4 Calculation of the number of photons per pulse B-7APPENDIX C - CALCULATION OF REQUIRED DETECTOR INPUT POWER FORANALOG LINKSC. I General C-1C.2 Detector input for analog linksC-1Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo
46、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-415AxiiiLIST OF APPENDICES - continuedAPPENDIX PAGEC. 3 SNR for PIN photodiodes C-1C.3.1 Adjustment for modulation index C-1C.3.2 Adjustment for equivalent load resistance.C-3C.3.3 Adjustment for wavelengthC-3C.4 SNR for aval
47、anche photodiodes.C-3C-4.1 Adjustment for modulation index C-3C.4.2 Adjustment for APD noise factor C-3C.4.3 Adjustment for wavelengthC-3C.5 Bandwidth expansion techniques.C-6C-5.1 Frequency modulation .C-6C.5.2 Pulsed analog modulationC-6APPENDIX D - POWER PENALTY BUDGETD. I Introduction. D-1D.2 Tr
48、ansmitter extinction ratio. D-1D.3 Fiber dispersion coefficient. D-2D.4 System rise time or bandwidth D-8D.5 System jitter D-9D.6 Modal noise. D-9D.7 Mode partition noise . D-9D. 8 Laser frequency chirping D - 1D.9 Reflection feedback D-12APPENDIX E - SONET (SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK)APPENDIX F -
49、BLANK WORKSHEETSLIST OF FIGURESFIGURE PAGE4-1 Simplified fiber optic communications system145-1 Fiber index profiles205-2 Wavelength versus fiber attenuation235-3 Cable strength members and shields265-4 Loose fiber covering types.275-5 Types of loose tube cables .285-6 Types of ribbon and slotted cables.29Copyrigh
