1、EWRVASCE 39-03 American Society of Civil Engineers Standard Practice for the Design and Operation of Hail Suppression Projects This document uses both Systeme International (SI) units and customary units. ASCE I” EWRVASCE 39-03 American Society of Civil Engineers Standard Practice for the Design and
2、 Operation of Hail Suppression Projects This document uses both Systme International (SI) units and customary units. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia 20191-4400 Abstract This document describes a process through which hail suppression op
3、erations should be designed, organized, and conducted. The in- formation contained herein is intended to be helpful to those per- sons wishing to implement operational hail suppression activities, and provides information on the design, conduct, and evaluation of such efforts. While not a technical
4、meteorological monograph on the subject, it is intended to provide the best scientific informa- tion currently available on the subject to optimize the likelihood of success. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environmental and Water Resources Institute (U.S.). Hail Suppres- sion Sta
5、ndards Subcommitee. Standard practice for the design and operation of hail suppres- sion projects : a document for consideration by the ASCE Atmo- spheric Water Management Standards Committee / prepared by the Hail Suppression Standards Subcommittee. p. cm.-(ASCE standard) “EWRVASCE 39-03.” Includes
6、 bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7844-0651-0 1. Hail control. I. Environmental and Water Resources Insti- tute (U.S.). Atmospheric Water Management Standards Com- mittee. II. Title. QC929.Hl5E58 2003 551.6876-421 2002043889 Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the in
7、di- vidual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recom- mendation, or warranty thereof
8、by ASCE. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suit- ability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore. This information should no
9、t be used without first securing compe- tent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of
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11、ight Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $18.00 per article is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCE Books is 7844- 0651-0/03/ $18.00. Requests for special permission or bulk copy- ing should be addr
12、essed to Permissions & Copyright Dept., ASCE. Copyright O 2003 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 2002043889 ISBN 0-7844-0651-0 Manufactured in the United States of America. STANDARDS In April 1980, the Board of Direction approved AS
13、CE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the writing and maintenance of standards developed by the Society. All such standards are developed by a consen- sus standards process managed by the Management Group F (MGF), Codes and Standards. The consensus process includes balloting by the balanced st
14、andards committee made up of Society members and nonmem- bers, balloting by the membership of ASCE as a whole, and balloting by the public. All standards are updated or reaffirmed by the same process at intervals not exceeding 5 years. The following Standards have been issued: ANSUASCE 1-82 N-725 Gu
15、ideline for Design and Analysis of Nuclear Safety Related Earth Structures ANWASCE 2-91 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean Water ANSUASCE 3-91 Standard for the Structural Design of Composite Slabs and ANSUASCE 9-91 Standard Practice for the Construction and Inspection of Composite Slabs ASCE 4-
16、98 Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nu- clear Structures Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (AC1 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02) and Specifi- cations for Masonry Structures (AC1 530.1- 02/ASCE 6-O2/TMS 602-02) SEI/ASCE 7-02 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings ANSVASCE 8-90 Standard Spec
17、ification for the and Other Structures Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members ANSI/ASCE 9-91 listed with ASCE 3-91 ASCE 10-97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission SEIIASCE 11-99 Guideline for Structural Condition ANSUASCE 12-91 Guideline for the Design of Urban ASCE 13-93 Standard
18、 Guidelines for Installation of ASCE 14-93 Standard Guidelines for Operation and ASCE 15-98 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Structures Assessment of Existing Buildings Subsurface Drainage Urban subsurface Drainage Maintenance of Urban Subsurface Drainage Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using Sta
19、ndard Instal- lations (SIDD) ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Engineered Wood Construction ASCE 17-96 Air-Supported Structures ASCE 18-96 Standard Guidelines for In-Process Oxy- gen Transfer Testing ASCE 19-96 Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings A
20、SCE 20-96 Standard Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Pile Foundations ASCE 21-96 Automated People Mover Standards- Part 1 ASCE 21-98 Automated People Mover Standards- Part 2 ASCE 21-00 Automated People Mover Standards- Part 3 SEUASCE 23-97 Specification for Structural Steel Beams with We
21、b Openings SEI/ASCE 24-98 Flood Resistant Design and Con- struction ASCE 25-97 Earthquake-Actuated Automatic Gas Shut-Off Devices ASCE 26-97 Standard Practice for Design of Buried Precast Concrete Box Sections ASCE 27-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Tre
22、nchless Construction ASCE 28-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Box Sections for Jacking in Trenchless Construction for Structural Fire Protection of the Building Envelope Protected Shallow Foundations International Water Quality Management Agreement Recharge of Ground Water
23、of Installed Fine-Pore Aeration Equipment Microtunneling Construction Collection and Depiction of Existing Subsurface Utility Data EWRUASCE 39-03 Standard Practice for the Design and Operation of Hail Suppression Projects SEi/ASCE/SFPE 29-99 Standard Calculation Methods SEI/ASCE 30-00 Guideline for
24、Condition Assessment SEI/ASCE 32-01 Design and Construction of Frost- EWRI/ASCE 33-01 Comprehensive Transboundary EWRI/ASCE 34-01 Standard Guidelines for Artificial EWRUASCE 35-01 Guidelines for Quality Assurance CI/ASCE 36-0 1 Standard Construction Guidelines for SEI/ASCE 37-02 Design Loads on Stru
25、ctures During CUASCE 38-02 Standard Guideline for the . 111 FOREWORD In April 1995, the Board of Direction approved the revision to the ASCE Rules for Standards Com- mittees to govern the writing and maintenance of standards developed for the Society. All such stan- dards are developed by a consensu
26、s standards process managed by the ASCE Codes and Standards Activi- ties Committee (CSAC). The consensus process in- cludes balloting by a balanced ASCE Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI), Atmospheric Water Management (AWM) Standards Committee (SC), made up of Society members and non
27、members, balloting by the membership of ASCE as a whole, and balloting by the public. All standards are updated or reaffirmed by the same process at intervals not ex- ceeding five years. The provisions of this document have been written in permissive language and, as such, offer to the user a series
28、 of options or instructions but do not prescribe a specific course of action. Significant judgement has been left to the user of this document. This document describes a process through which hail suppression operations should be designed, organized, and conducted. The information contained herein i
29、s intended to be helpful to those persons wishing to implement operational hail suppression activities, and provides information on the design, conduct, and evaluation of such efforts. While not a technical meteorological monograph on the subject, it is intended to provide the best scientific inform
30、ation currently available on the subject to optimize the likelihood of success. ASCE Manual No. 8 1, Guide- lines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation (Kahan et al. 1995), is referenced in many sections of this guideline. the CSAC Style Manual, 4 September 1998 revision, with recognized engine
31、ering principles, and should not be used without the user?s competent knowledge for a given application. The International System of Units (SI units) is used throughout, with English equivalents also provided. Exceptions are the use of the Celsius (?C) tem- perature scale and, where appropriate, cen
32、timeters (cm) in lieu of meters (m). Section 8 provides all conversion factors used herein. Italics denote special emphasis. The publication of this standard by ASCE is not intended as warrant that the information contained therein is suitable for any general or specific use, and the Society takes n
33、o position respecting the validity of patent rights. The user is advised that the determination of patent rights or risk of infringement is entirely their own responsibility. Many contributed materially to this document by their comments, review, illustrations, and photographs. The primary authors o
34、f this document were the ASCE EWRI AWM SC Hail Suppression Subcommittee members: Bruce A. Boe (chair), Amett S. Dennis, An- drew G. Detwiler, Thomas J. Henderson, Terrence W. Krauss, Griffith M. Morgan, James H. Renick, and Jos Lus Snchez. Others who contributed materially include Magomet T. Abshaev
35、, Thomas P. DeFelice, Richard D. Farley, William G. Finnegan, Don A. Grif- fith, Conrad G. Keyes, Jr., Nancy C. Knight, Fred J. Kopp, Harold D. Orville, Petio Simeonov, Paul L. Smith, and Richard H. Stone. This standard has been prepared in accordance with CONTENTS 1 .O The Hail Problem 1 1.1 Histor
36、ical Perspective . 1 1.2 The Status of Hail Suppression Technology . 2 1.2.1 American Society of Civil Engineers 3 1.2.2 Weather Modification Association 3 1.2.3 American Meteorological Society 3 1.2.4 World Meteorological Organization . 3 2.1 Requirements for Hail Development . 4 2.2 The Scientific
37、 Basis for Hail Suppression . 5 2.2.1 Beneficial Competition . 6 2.2.3 Trajectory Lowering . 7 2.2.5 Dynamic Effects 7 2.2.6 Otherconcepts . 7 2.3 Concept Visualization . 7 2.4 CloudModeling . 9 3.0 The Design of Hail Suppression Operations . 9 3.1 Definition of Project Scope 9 3.1.1 Historical Hail
38、 Losses . 10 3.1.2 Historical Radar Data . 10 3.1.3 Basic Project Area Concepts . 10 3.1.4 Initial Design Considerations . 10 3.1.5 Climatology 11 3.2 Delivery Methods . 12 3.2.1 Airborne Application . 12 3.2.2 Ground-Based Ice Nucleus Generator Networks 15 3.2.3 Rockets and Artillery . 18 3.3 Seedi
39、ng Agent Selection 19 3.3.1 Silver Iodide 20 3.3.2 DryIce 22 3.3.3 Other Ice Nucleants 22 3.3.4 Hygroscopic Agents 22 3.3.5 Quality Control 24 3.4 Meteorological Data Collection 24 3.4.1 ForecastingINowcasting . 24 3.4.1.1 Government Forecast Information . 24 3.4.1.2 On-site Operational Forecasts 24
40、 3.4.1.3 Computer-Based Radar Storm Tracking 25 3.4.2 Remote Sensing . 26 3.4.2.1 Meteorological Radar 26 3.4.2.2 Satellite Data . 27 3.4.2.3 Lightning Location 28 3.4.3 Visual Cloud Appearance 28 3.4.4 In situ Measurements . 30 3.4.4.1 Updraft 30 3.4.4.2 Cloud Ice Content . 31 3.4.4.3 Cloud Water C
41、ontent . 32 3.4.4.4 Temperature 32 2.0 Hailconcepts . 4 2.2.2 EarlyRainout 7 2.2.4 Promotion of Coalescence 7 vii CONTENTS 3.4.5 Numerical Cloud Modeling 33 3.4.5.1 Predictive Modeling 33 3.4.5.2 Diagnostic Modeling . 33 3.5 Selection and Siting of Equipment 35 3.5.1 Aircraft Considerations 35 3.5.2
42、 Placement of Ground Generators 35 . 36 3.6 Legalhues . 36 3.6.1 Potential for Litigation 36 3.6.2 Regulation 36 3.7 Environmental Concerns . 37 3.5.3 Placement of Rocket Launchers or Artillery 3.7.1 Redistribution of Precipitation 31 3.7.2 Seeding Agent Safety . 31 4.0 Operation of Hail Suppression
43、 Projects 38 4.1 The Operations Manual 38 4.2 Personnel Requirements 38 4.2.1 Meteorological Staff 38 4.2.2 Cloud Treatment Pilots 38 4.2.3 Direction of Operations . 38 4.2.4 SupportPersonnel 39 4.3 Operational Decision-Making . 39 4.3.1 Chronology . 39 4.3.2 Opportunity Recognition 39 4.3.2.1 Aircr
44、aft Flight Crews . 40 4.3.2.2 Treatment by Ground-Based Generators 40 4.3.2.3 Treatment by Rocket or Artillery . 41 4.4 Communications 41 4.5 Safety Considerations 42 4.5.1 Safety of Field Personnel 42 4.5.1.1 Radar Safety 42 4.5.1.2 Use, Handling, and Storage of Seeding Agents . 42 4.5.1.3 Severe W
45、eather Hazards 42 4.5.1.4 Aircraft Safety 42 4.5.2 Seeding Suspension Criteria 43 4.6 Public Relations, Information, and Involvement . 43 5.0 Evaluation of Hail Suppression Efforts 43 5.1 Project Evaluation Approaches . 44 5.1.1 Randomized vs Nonrandomized Programs 44 5.1.2 Selection of Control Area
46、s . 44 5.1.2.1 Precipitation Patterns . 44 5.1.2.2 Storm Frequency 44 5.1.2.3 Contamination 44 5.2 Evaluation measures . 45 5.2.1 Evaluations Using Direct Evidence 45 5.2.1.1 Hail Pad Networks . 45 5.2.1.2 Rainfall Data . 46 5.2.1.3 Radar Data . 46 5.2.2 Evaluation Through Secondary Evidence . 46 5.
47、2.2.1 Crop-Hail Insurance Data . 46 5.2.2.2 Insurance Property Loss Data 47 5.2.2.3 Crop Yield Data . 47 5.3 Dissemination of Results . 47 6.0 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 47 . v111 CONTENTS 7.0 References . 51 8.0 Conversion of Units . 54 Index 57 2- 1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 3-3 3 -4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8
48、 3-9 3-10 3-1 1 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 4- 1 5-1 LIST OF FIGURES Hailstorm. Top View (Alberta) . 4 Hailstorm. Viewed from the Surface (North Dakota) 4 Hailstone from Coffeyville. Kansas 6 The Five Basic Hail Suppression Concepts 8 ProjectAreaTerms 11 Cloud Base Seeding Airc
49、raft with Wing-Tip Ice Nucleus Generators . 13 Cloud Top Seeding Aircraft . 14 Map of Hail Pad and Ground-Based Seeding Stations (France) . 16 Tools for Rocket Delivery of Seeding Agent 19 Acetone Seeding Solution Mixing Equipment . 21 Wing Rack for Bum-in-Place Cloud Seeding Flares 21 Belly Rack for Ejectable Cloud Seeding Flares 22 Dry Ice in Extruded Pellet Form . 23 Hygroscopic Flares on Wing Rack 23 Ground-Based Ice Nuclei Generators 17 Thunderstorm Identification. Tracking. Analysis. and Nowcasting (TITAN) Digital Radar Image 25 Weather Radar Installation 26 Examples of Geostationa
