1、 GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 87JACKED TUNNEL DESIGNAND CONSTRUCTIONPROCEEDINGS OF SESSIONS OF GEO-CONGRESS 98SPONSORED BYThe Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil EngineersOctober 18-21, 1998Boston, MassachusettsEDITED BYMarco D. BoscardinAmerican Societyof Civil Engineers1801 ALEX
2、ANDER BELL DRIVERESIGN, VIRGINIA 2019J-4400GEOI INSTITUTEAbstract: Tunnel jacking is used to construct large shallow underground openings in areaswhere disruption to surface use and activities cannot be tolerated. The technique of tunneljacking is not new, but in recent years it has been used to con
3、struct openings primarily inEurope and Asia, often under railroad lines and highways. The method has had limited usein the United States; however, a state-of-the-tunnel jacking project currently is underway aspart of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project in Boston, Massachusetts. These papers havebeen p
4、repared by experienced designers of tunnel jacking projects to provide the readerwith an introduction to large jacked tunnel design, construction, and instrumentation.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataJacked tunnel design and construction: proceedings of session on tunnel jacking at
5、Geo-Congress 98 sponsored by the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers,Boston, Massachusetts, October 18-21, 1998 / edited by Marco D. Boscardin.p. cm. -(Geotechnical special publication; no. 87)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0406-21. Tunneling-Congresse
6、s. 2. Lifting-jacks-Congresses. 3. Shoring and underpinning-Congresses. I. Boscardin, Marco D. II. American Society of Civil Engineers. Geo-Institute. III. ASCE Geo-Congress 98 (1998: Boston, Mass.) IV. Series.TA815.J33 1998 98-48487624.193-dc21 CIPAny statements expressed in these materials are tho
7、se of the individual authors and do notnecessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement madeherein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process or serviceconstitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty ther
8、eof by ASCE. Thematerials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are theyintended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legaldocument.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or im
9、plied, concerning theaccuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or processdiscussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore. This information should not be usedwithout first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any
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13、98-48487 ISBN 0-7844-0406-2Manufactured in the United States of America.Geotechnical Special Publications1 Terzaghi Lectures2 Geotechnical Aspects of Stiff and Hard Clays3 Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk, and Mitigation4 Tiebacksfor Bulkheads5 Settlement of Shallow Foundation on Cohesionless Soils:
14、Design andPerformance6 Use of In Situ Tests in Geotechnical EngineeringI Timber Bulkheads8 Foundations for Transmission Line Towers9 Foundations & Excavations in Decomposed Rock of the Piedmont Province10 Engineering Aspects of Soil Erosion, Dispersive Clays and LoessI1 Dynamic Response of Pile Foun
15、dations -Experiment, Analysis and Observation12 Soil Improvement: A Ten Year Update13 Geotechnical Practice for Solid Waste Disposal 8714 Geotechnical Aspects of Karst Terrains15 Measured Performance Shallow Foundations16 Special Topics in Foundations17 Soil Properties Evaluation from Centrifugal Mo
16、dels18 Geosynthetics for Soil Improvement19 Mine Induced Subsidence: Effects on Engineered Structures20 Earthquake Engineering & Soil Dynamics II21 Hydraulic Fill Structures22 Foundation Engineering23 Predicted and Observed Axial Behavior of Piles24 Resilient Moduli of Soils: Laboratory Conditions25
17、 Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structures26 Waste Containment Systems: Construction, Regulation, and Performance21 Geotechnical Engineering Congress28 Detection of and Construction at the Soil/Rock Interface29 Recent Advances in Instrumentation, Data Acquisition and Testing in SoilDynami
18、cs30 Grouting, Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics31 Stability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments II32 Embankment of Dams-James L. Sherard Contributions33 Excavation and Support for the Urban Infrastructure34 Piles Under Dynamic Loads35 Geotechnical Practice in Dam Rehabilitation3 6 Fly Ash fo
19、r Soil Impro ventent37 Advances in Site Characterization: Data Acquisition, Data Management and DataInterpretation38 Design and Performance of Deep Foundations: Piles and Piers in Soil and SoftRock39 Unsaturated Soils40 Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Foundations and Embankments41 Predicted
20、and Measured Behavior of Five Spread Footings on Sand42 Serviceability of Earth Retaining Structures43 Fracture Mechanics Applied to Geotechnical Engineering44 Ground Failures Under Seismic Conditions45 In Situ Deep Soil Improvement46 Geoenvironment 200047 Geo-Environmental Issues Facing the America
21、s48 Soil Suction Applications in Geotechnical Engineering49 Soil Improvement for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation50 Foundation Upgrading and Repair for Infrastructure Improvement51 Performance of Deep Foundations Under Seismic Loading52 Landslides Under Static and Dynamic Conditions-Analysis, Monitoring
22、, andMitigation53 Landfill Closures -Environmental Protection and Land Recovery54 Earthquake Design and Performance of Solid Waste Landfills55 Earthquake-Induced Movements and Seismic Remediation of Existing Foundationsand Abutments56 Static and Dynamic Properties of Gravelly Soils57 Verification of
23、 Geotechnical Grouting58 Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment59 Engineered Contaminated Soils and Interaction of Soil Geomembranes60 Analysis and Design of Retaining Structures Against Earthquakes61 Measuring and Modeling Time Dependent Soil Behavior62 Case Histories of Geophysics Applied to Civi
24、l Engineering and Public Policy63 Design with Residual Materials: Geotechnical and Construction Considerations64 Observation and Modeling in Numerical Analysis and Model Tests in DynamicSoil-Structure Interaction Problems65 Dredging and Management of Dredged Material66 Grouting: Compaction, Remediat
25、ion and Testing67 Spatial Analysis in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering68 Unsaturated Soil Engineering Practice69 Ground Improvement, Ground Reinforcement, Ground Treatment: Developments1987-199770 Seismic Analysis and Design for Soil-Pile-Structure Interactions71 In Situ Remediation of the G
26、eoenvironment72 Degradation of Natural Building Stone73 Innovative Design and Construction for Foundations and Substructures Subject toFreezing and Frost74 Guidelines of Engineering Practice for Braced and Tied-Back Excavations75 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III76 Geosynthet
27、ics in Foundation Reinforcement and Erosion Control Systems77 Stability of Natural Slopes in the Coastal Plain78 Filtration and Drainage in Geotechnical/Geoenvironmental Engineering79 Recycled Materials in Geotechnical Applications80 Grouts and Grouting: A Potpourri of Projects81 Soil Improvement fo
28、r Big Digs82 Risk-Based Corrective Action and Brownfields Restorations83 Design and Construction of Earth Retaining Systems84 Effects of Construction on Structures85 Application of Geotechnical Principles in Pavement Engineering86 Big Digs Around the World87 Jacked Tunnel Design and ConstructionCont
29、entsPreface viDevelopments in Tunnel Jacking 1Stephen Taylor and Derek WinsorJacked Box Tunnel Design 21John W.T. RopkinsMonitoring Movements above Large Shallow Jacked Tunnels 39Charles W. DaughertySubject Index 61Author Index 3VPrefaceThe jacked tunnel method of constructing shallow underground st
30、ructures with aminimum of disruption to surface activities or disturbance to surface and near surfacestructures developed in the 1960s as an outgrowth of pipe jacking. During the pastthirty years, this method has been used to install increasingly larger undergroundopenings in confined urban environm
31、ents, particularly in Europe and Asia. Typicalprojects include pedestrian walkways beneath busy roads, drainage structures beneathroads and railroads, and short vehicular tunnels beneath highways and railroads. Thetypical competing method of construction for these projects is the cut-and-covermethod
32、.Use of the method in the United States, to date, has been limited. However, theI-90/I-93 Interchange of the Central Artery Project, which is currently underconstruction, will be one of the largest, 12 m high by 25 m wide by up to 110m long,and most complex jacked tunnel projects in the world. The i
33、nterchange tunnels willbe constructed under eight rail lines serving South Station in Boston, comprising oneof the busiest commuter rail areas in the Northeast.The objective of this publication is to provide information on the design, construction,and monitoring of jacked tunnels to assist owners an
34、d engineers in and initialevaluation of the applicability of this method to their particular site and conditions.Each of the papers included in this publication has received two positive peerreviews. All of the papers are eligible for discussion in the Journal of Geotechnicaland Geoenvironmental Eng
35、ineering of ASCE, and all are eligible for ASCE awards.Reviewers of the papers were Michael P. Walker, Michael Paster, R. Lee Wooten andmyself.Marco D. BoscardinEditorvi“Developments in Tunnel Jacking“Stephen Taylor1 Derek Winsor2AbstractThis paper describes the development of tunnel jacking from it
36、s early days of smallsection tunnels (100 sq.ft. face or less), through to the current day when tunnels witha face area in excess of 3000 sq.ft. are being installed. The development will beillustrated using a selection of design details, diagrams, and construction photographs.Tunnel jacking is a ter
37、m which refers to the installation of tunnels by pushing theminto the ground while excavating from an open face. The tunnels, which are usuallyof rectangular cross section, are installed beneath a facility which cannot be removedor which the facility owner does not wish to be removed. This technique
38、 can be usedfor relatively small sections (6ft x 6ft) up to large, full size highway sections (80ft x40ft) in lengths up to several hundred feet.The technique developed from pipe jacking when the circular sections available wereeither too small or inefficient for the final use of the tunnel. The tec
39、hnique is mostoften used in soft ground and at shallow depth. It has been used successfully in avariety of ground conditions, including soft clays, granular material, filled ground andmixed ground. It is a specialist technique which requires a clear and preciseunderstanding of the inter-relationship
40、 between design and construction, and perhapsfor this reason it has been carried out by a relatively small number of contractorsaround the world. The contractors often have their own preferred methods ofinstalling the tunnels. Some of the methods and/or the equipment used are patentedby individual o
41、rganizations, although there are usually several alternative methods anddetails which can be used.Although it is not the solution in all situations where a tunnel or underbridge isrequired beneath a facility, it is certainly an approach which should be considered inmany applications and often provid
42、es the most beneficial and cost-effective solution insituations when all factors and costs are taken into account.IntroductionTunnel Jacking is a technique for installing an access way beneath a facility which isnot easily relocated or which the owner/user does not wish to be relocated. Theprocess i
43、s generally used in soft ground for relatively short lengths of tunnel where atunnel boring machine is not appropriate and for tunnels which would usually bePrincipal Engineer, Hatch Mott MacDonald, Boston, MassachusettsDivisional Director, Mott MacDonald Group, Croydon, England1JACKED TUNNEL DESIGN
44、 AND CONSTRUCTIONconstructed by cut-and-cover methods. It is a technique which evolved from pipejacking and retains many of the same features as pipe jacking. Pipe jacking wasintroduced on the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 1890s as a method forinstalling culverts without severe disruption to
45、 the overlying rail service.1The development from pipe jacking to tunnel jacking was made in the 1960s whenthe circular pipe jacked sections were found to be either too small or were inefficientfor their intended purpose. At that time, contractors started to jack rectangularsections. These were typi
46、cally reinforced concrete, pre-cast off site. In the 30 or soyears since those early days, the technique has developed significantly and nowincludes a wide variety of possible end products, ranging from 3m square (10ftsquare) rectangular pedestrian subways installed beneath busy roadways, to 25m wid
47、ex 12m high (80ft x 40ft) monolithic rectangular tunnel sections to accommodate fullwidth and height clearance highway traffic beneath operating rail tracks, roads, rivers,or airport runways.The technique has also been used to install relatively small tunnel sections withinwhich concrete foundations
48、 can be constructed in readiness to receive a bridgesuperstructure. This can either be jacked into position with no disruption to theoverlying facility operations, or slid into position during a limited possession of theoverlying facility. Superstructures installed by this method have included simpl
49、ysupported spans, multi-span bridges and portal frame bridges. Large skews have beenaccommodated.Tunnel jacking has been used in many parts of the .world, including Europe(particularly in the UK and Germany), Australia, India, South Africa, and Canada. Ithas been used extensively in the Far East, particularly in Japan. It is not a techniquewhich has been used to any significant extent in the USA to date, although a fewtunnels have been jacked in California over the past 10 years or so. The I-90/I-93Interch
