1、ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 136Prepared by the Task Committee on Turbine Generator FoundationsEdited by Hongchun Liu, P.E.Analysis, Design, and ConstructionConcrete Foundations FORTurbine GeneratorsASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 136Concrete Foundations
2、for Turbine GeneratorsAnalysis, Design, and ConstructionTask Committee on Turbine Generator FoundationsEdited by Hongchun Liu, P.E.Sponsored by the Energy Division of the American Society of Civil EngineersPublished by the American Society of Civil EngineersLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicat
3、ion DataNames: Liu, Hongchun, editor. | American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Turbine Generator Foundations.Title: Concrete foundations for turbine generators: analysis, design, and construction / Task Committee on Turbine Generator Foundations; edited by Hongchun Liu, P.E.Descripti
4、on: Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018 |“Sponsored by the Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers.” | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2017053754| ISBN 9780784414927 (soft cover: alk. paper) | ISBN 9780784481097 (pdf) | ISBN
5、9780784481103 (ePub)Subjects: LCSH: TurbogeneratorsFoundationsDesign and construction. | Steam-turbinesFoundationsDesign and construction. | Concrete footings Design and construction.Classification: LCC TK2458.F68 C66 2018 | DDC 621.31/3dc23 LC record available at https: /lccn .loc .gov /2017053754P
6、ublished by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191-4382www .asce .org /bookstore | ascelibrary .orgAny statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibi
7、lity for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, n
8、or are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatu
9、s, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing such information
10、assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications
11、 can be requested by sending an e-mail to permissionsasce .org or by locating a title in the ASCE Library (http: /ascelibrary .org) and using the “Permissions” link.Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https: /doi .org /10 .1061 /9780784414927.Copyright 2018 by the American Society of Civil Engin
12、eers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1492-7 (print)ISBN 978-0-7844-8109-7 (PDF)ISBN 978-0-7844-8110-3 (ePub)Manufactured in the United States of America.25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 1 2 3 4 5MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930
13、, and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation of facts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitations and applications of these facts. It contains information useful to the average engineer in his or
14、 her everyday work, rather than findings that may be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “standard,” how-ever; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb” for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which e
15、xpresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group selected to assemble and express information on a specific topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved has
16、been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposed man-uscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When published, each
17、work shows the names of the committees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several processes through which it has passed in review, so that its merit may be definitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982), the Board of Direction voted to establish a series titled “M
18、anuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,” to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a manner approved by the Board Committee o
19、n Publications and would be bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. In some cases of joint committee reports, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.A list of available Man
20、uals of Practice can be found at http: /www .asce .org /bookstore.This page intentionally left blankvCONTENTSPREFACE .ixACKNOWLEDGMENTS .xi1. INTRODUCTION . 11.1 Background . 11.2 Purpose 21.3 Scope and Limitations . 21.4 Abbreviations and Acronyms 41.5 Foundations Terms 5References . 62. TURBINE GE
21、NERATOR EQUIPMENT . 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Main Components . 72.3 Layout Configurations 92.4 Foundation Design Information 142.5 Installation 142.6 Operation 143. PRELIMINARY TURBINE GENERATOR FOUNDATION LAYOUT AND SIZING 153.1 Introduction 153.2 Foundation Types and General Design Information 153.3
22、 Preliminary Design: Initial Foundation Sizing 193.4 Pile Layout 27References . 284. FOUNDATION LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 314.1 Introduction 314.2 Foundation and Equipment Self-weights (Dead Loads) . 32vi ConTEnTS4.3 Equipment Loads during Normal Operation 324.4 Emergency Operation Loads . 434.5 C
23、atastrophic Equipment Loads . 444.6 Environmental Loads 464.7 Installation and Maintenance Loads . 474.8 Concrete Shrinkage and Creep Effects . 484.9 Load Combination Considerations . 49References . 555. MODELING OF THE SOIL AND PILE RESPONSE TO DYNAMIC LOADS 575.1 Introduction 575.2 Dynamic Impedan
24、ce Definition 625.3 Dynamic Impedance of Rigid Foundations . 675.4 Dynamic Impedance of Flexible Foundations . 725.5 Pile-supported Foundations. 765.6 Evaluation of Soil Parameters 79References . 806. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING 836.1 Introduction 836.2 General Modeling Considerations 846.3 Element Sele
25、ction . 866.4 Mesh Sensitivity . 916.5 Geometry Modeling 926.6 Boundary Condition Modeling . 946.7 Mass Modeling . 976.8 Load Modeling . 986.9 Damping Modeling . 986.10 Sectional and Material Properties . 996.11 Model Verification . 996.12 Averaging of FE Results 99References . 1007. SERVICEABILITY
26、ANALYSIS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA . 1037.1 Introduction 1037.2 Dynamic Serviceability Analysis . 1037.3 Static Serviceability Analysis 1117.4 Serviceability Acceptance Criteria 115References . 1218. STRENGTH AND STABILITY DESIGN 1238.1 Introduction 1238.2 Load Combinations for Strength Design 123ConT
27、EnTS vii8.3 Seismic Load and Ductile Design Considerations 1248.4 Redundancy Factor () and Overstrength Factor () 1268.5 Accidental Torsion . 1268.6 FE Results for Strength Design 1278.7 Basemat Reinforcement Design . 1278.8 Column, Block, Pier, and Wall Reinforcement Design . 1288.9 Tabletop Reinfo
28、rcement Design . 1298.10 Additional Reinforcement Requirements 1318.11 Volumetric Reinforcements 1318.12 Pile Capacity Check . 1328.13 Soil-bearing Pressure Check . 1338.14 Stability Evaluation . 133References . 1339. EMBEDDED ITEMS . 1359.1 Introduction 1359.2 Types of Embedded Items in Turbine Gen
29、erator Foundations 1359.3 Structural Design for Embedded Items 1429.4 Grout Pockets, Grout Dams, and Grout . 153References . 15610. VIBRATION ISOLATED FOUNDATIONS . 15910.1 Introduction 15910.2 Design Properties of Spring Elements and Viscous Dampers 16110.3 Typical Layout of VIS for Large STG Found
30、ations . 16410.4 Dynamic Characteristics of Elastically Supported TG Foundations . 16410.5 Operational Behavior 16610.6 Emergency Conditions 17010.7 Seismic Considerations . 17010.8 Spring-mounted Condensers . 17310.9 Gas Turbine Foundations . 17410.10 Retrofit of Turbine Foundations 17510.11 Select
31、ive Application Examples . 17510.12 Special Considerations for TG Foundations with VIS . 176References . 17911. CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS 18111.1 Introduction 18111.2 Construction Joints 18111.3 Construction Tolerances . 18211.4 Concrete Placement . 18211.5 Modularization 185viii ConTEnTS11.6 Post
32、-installed Anchors and Interference with Reinforcement 18611.7 Temporary Construction Loads . 18811.8 Condenser Installation 18811.9 Adjustable Vertical Support Devices 19011.10 Stay-in-place Formwork . 193References . 194APPENDIXESA. DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE OF SOIL-SUPPORTED RIGID FOUNDATIONS 195A.1 Dyna
33、mic Impedance Formulas for Rigid Foundations on Homogeneous Soil . 195A.2 Impedance Functions of Rigid Foundations Using the Cone Model Approach . 200References . 206B. DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE OF PILE-SUPPORTED FOUNDATIONS 207B.1 Impedance Functions of Single Piles on Homogeneous and Parabolic Soil Profil
34、es 207B.2 Dynamic Impedance of Pile Groups . 210References . 215C. DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE CALCULATION EXAMPLES . 217C.1 Vertical Response of a Rigid Foundation . 217C.2 Horizontal and Rocking Response of a Rigid Foundation 218C.3 Dynamic Impedances of Surface Foundation . 220C.4 Pile Group Effects 224C.5
35、 Dynamic Impedance of a Large Pile Group. 232C.6 Negative Dynamic Impedance 238References . 242INDEX . 245ixPREFACEIn 1987, the Task Committee on Turbine Foundations of the Fossil Power Committee and the Nuclear Energy Committee of the Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE
36、) published the first guide for the design of large steam turbine generator foundations.Since the guides publication, there have been significant changes in design codes, advances in computer analysis, and increased industry pres-sure to refine foundation designs. A new task committee was formed in
37、April 2014, under the leadership of the ASCE Energy Division chaired by J. G. (Greg) Soules, to address the wide variation of analysis, design, and construction practice that have been applied throughout the industry for turbine generator foundation designs over the past 30 years in the United State
38、s.Designing a turbine generator foundation requires not only advanced technical expertise in structural and soil dynamics, but also close collabora-tion with machine manufacturers and other disciplines (mechanical, elec-trical, and plant design). Different manufacturer requirements, and code provisi
39、ons that are subjected to interpretations when applied to such foun-dations, present additional challenges to the design engineers.This document was prepared by the task committee to provide practi-cal guidance in the analysis, design, and construction of turbine generator foundations. It is a resul
40、t of significant collaborative efforts from all com-mittee members, as well as contributions from other industry experts and professionals.The intended audience for this document includes structural design engi-neers, operating company personnel responsible for establishing structural design criteri
41、a and construction standards, and local building officials.For more than three years, a number of key individuals dedicated sig-nificant amounts of time and effort to formulating, originating, and review-ing in detail, either the whole document or specific sections thereof. Those members are identif
42、ied in the Acknowledgments.This page intentionally left blankxiACKNOWLEDGMENTSTask Committee on Turbine Generator FoundationsChair Vice-ChairHongchun Liu, P.E.Bechtel Infrastructure headed reinforcement to reduce rebar congestion; suitable concrete mix to eliminate placement issues; rebar modulariza
43、tion for ease of installation; and other considerations. Industry best practices are highlighted and innovative ideas are explored, which may help reduce costs and accelerate construction schedules.Appendixes A, B, and C: Supplemental Information on Foundation Dynamic Impedances and Calculation Exam
44、ples. These appendixes pro-vide valuable supplemental information to the contents in Chapter 5 on both soil and pile dynamic impedances. Calculation examples are provided to illustrate the process of determining these important design parameters.1.4 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSCT Combustion TurbineCTG
45、 Combustion Turbine Generator, a.k.a. Gas Turbine Generator (GTG)DAF Dynamic Amplification FactorFE Finite ElementFEA Finite Element AnalysisFEM Finite Element ModelGA General ArrangementGTG Gas Turbine Generator, a.k.a. Combustion Turbine Generator (CTG)HP High-PressureHRSG Heat Recovery Steam Gene
46、ratorIP Intermediate-PressureLP Low-PressureMPF Mass Participation FactorInTRoDUCTIon 5RPM Revolutions per MinuteSDC Seismic Design CategorySSI Soil-Structure InteractionST Steam TurbineSTG Steam Turbine GeneratorTG Turbine GeneratorVIS Vibration Isolation System1.5 FOUNDATION TERMSIt is recognized
47、that various parts of a foundation are referred to by many different names. The following nomenclature has been adopted for this manual of practice:Basemat (or Mat Foundation)the part of the TG concrete foundation supported on soil, rock, or piles, consisting of a continuous concrete slab extending
48、in both directions, reinforced and supporting an array of col-umns, piers, and/or walls. It is also called a pile cap when the basemat is supported by a group of piles.Block Foundationa concrete foundation that has individual pedestals, piers, and blocks, sharing a common basemat.Columna vertical st
49、ructural element, used primarily to support axial compressive loads, but can also resist moment, shear, or torsion, with a height-to-least-lateral-dimension ratio exceeding 3.0.Critical Speedthe theoretical angular velocity that excites the natural frequency of a rotating object, such as a shaft, propeller, leadscrew, or gear.Dynamic Stiffnessin structure dynamics, it refers to the ratio of the change of force to the change of displacement under dynamic condi-tions, or the ratio of input force to output displacement. In soil dynam-ics, it refers to the real part of t
