1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 85Guidelines for Selectionand Application ofFrequently Used ModelsPrepared by the Committee on Ground Water Quality of theEnvironmental Engineering Division of theAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAmerican Societyof Civil Engineers345 East 47th
2、StreetNew York, New York 10017-2398AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERSASCEPublished byQuality ofGround WaterABSTRACT:The Task Committee on Contaminated Ground Water Modeling was approved inSeptember 1990 by the Executive Committee of ASCEs Environmental Engineer-ing Division with the express purpose
3、 of assessing widely used models of contam-inated ground water. In order to accomplish this, the committee first surveyed theprofessional community to determine which models are in frequent use; it then clas-sified these models according to a unified set of criteria that they had developed.Based on
4、these criteria, the task committee created guidelines for the application ofthe models that include the capabilities and limitations of each model. This mono-graph represents the valuable information compiled by this task committee.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataAmerican Society o
5、f Civil Engineers. Committee on Ground Water Quality.Quality of ground water: guidelines for selection and application of frequently usedmodels / prepared by the Committee on Ground Water Quality of the Environmen-tal Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers,p. cm. (ASCE manua
6、ls and reports on engineering practice ; no. 85)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0137-31. GroundwaterQualityMathematical models. I. Title. II. Series.TD426.A49 1996 96-21049628.161dc20 CIPThe material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance withgenerall
7、y recoqnized engineering principles and practices, and is for general infor-mation only. This information should not be used without first securing competentadvice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application.The contents of this publication are not intended to be and shou
8、ld not be con-strued to be a standard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and arenot intended for use as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regula-tions, statutes, or any other legal document.No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process
9、or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warrantythereof by ASCE.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or im-plied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any informa-tion, apparatus, product, or process discussed
10、 in this publication, and assumes noliability therefore.Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, in-cluding but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.Photocopies. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use undercircumstances
11、not falling within the fair use provisions pf the Copyright Act is grant-ed by ASCE to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright ClearanceCenter (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $4.00per article plus $.25 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewoo
12、d Drive, Dan-vers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCE Books is 0-7844-0137-3/96/$4.00 +$.25 per page. Requests for special permission or bulk copying should be ad-dressed to Permissions nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule ofthumb“ for nonengineers.Furthermore, material
13、in this series, in distinction from a paper(which expresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the workof a committee or group selected to assemble and express information ona specific topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the direc-tion of one or more of the Technical Di
14、visions and Councils, and the prod-uct evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee ofthe Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the TechnicalDivisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as t
15、he basis forimprovement. When published, each work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the severalprocesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its meritmay be definitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April, 1982) the Board
16、 ofDirection voted to establish:A series entitled Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, futureManuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on EngineeringPractice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society wouldhave been refereed
17、 in a manner approved by the BoardCommittee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable dis-cussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be con-secutive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. Insome cases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of Journal pub-
18、lications may be authorized.# MANUALS AND REPORTS OF ENGINEERING PRACTICE10 Technical Procedures for City Surveys13 Filtering Materials for Sewage Treatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility Plant Within the Rights-of-Way of Urban Streets andHighways31 Design of Cylindrical Concrete Shell Roofs33 Co
19、st Control and Accounting for Civil Engineers34 Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms35 A List of Translations of Foreign Literature on Hydraulics36 Wastewater Treatment Plant Design37 Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel-A
20、Guide and Commentary42 Design of Structures to Resist Nuclear Weapons Effects45 Consulting Engineering-A Guide for the Engagement of Engineering Services46 Report on Pipeline Location47 Selected Abstracts on Structural Applications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines
21、for Small Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current Structural Research52 Guide for the Design of Steel Transmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of Multilane Highways54 Sedimentation Engineering55 Guide to Employment Conditions for Civil Engineers57 Management, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation
22、and Drainage Systems58 Structural Analysis and Design of Nuclear Plant Facilities59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation and Rehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Con
23、trol66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Model Studies of Buildings and Structures68 Aeration-A Wastewater Treatment Process69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Managem
24、ent72 Design of Steel Transmission Structures73 Quality in the Constructed Project-a Guide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading75 Right-of-Way Surveying76 Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants77 Design and Construction of U
25、rban Stormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation82 Odor Control in Wastewater Treatment Plants83 Environmental Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in Wood Structures85 Quality of Gr
26、ound Water86 Operation and Maintenance of Ground Water Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water Treatment Plant Residuals89 Pipeline CrossingsFOREWORDThe Task Committee on Contaminated Ground Water Modeling was ap-proved in September 1990 by the Executive Committee of ASCEs Env
27、i-ronmental Engineering Division. The task committee was formed with theexpress purpose of assessing widely used models of contaminated groundwater. Udai P. Singh of CH2M Hill initiated the formation and activities ofthis task committee and served as the contact member of the ExecutiveCommittee thro
28、ugh the publication of this monograph. In 1992, this taskcommittee was named as the Divisions Ground Water Quality Committee.The two principal objectives of this committee have been to: (1) surveythe professional community to determine which models are in frequentuse, and classify those models accor
29、ding to a unified set of criteria devel-oped by this task committee, and (2) develop guidelines on the applicationof these models that describe capabilities and limitations. This monographpresents the valuable information that the committee has compiled.The original task committee was organized into
30、 five groups, led asfollows: C. Harold Emmett, Jr., P.E., ATSDR: Task I. Conduct a survey of profes-sionals to determine which ground water quality models are in frequentuse. Lakshmi N. Reddi, Ph.D., P.E., Kansas State University: Task II. Developcriteria for classifying the models. R. Lee Peyton, J
31、r., Ph.D., P.E., University of Missouri-Columbia: Task III.Review, evaluate, and classify the models. Bijay K. Panigrahi, Ph.D., P.E., P.G., Remedial Engineering the total head remains thesame over the time period consideredDarcys Law a law describing the rate of flow of water through porousmediaDar
32、cy velocity velocity of percolation of water through a cross-section ofthe porous medium determined from Darcys Law, which equals to per-meability multiplied by hydraulic gradient over the cross-sectional areadegradation the breakdown of substances by biologic or chemical actiondeterministic (determ
33、inistic process) a process in which there is an ex-act mathematical relationship between the independent and dependentvariables in the systemdiffusivity the hydraulic conductivity divided by the differential watercapacity, or the flux of water per unit gradient of moisture content in theabsence of o
34、ther force fieldsdischarge see fluxdistribution coefficient the ratio of quantity of solute adsorbed to thesolids per unit mass of solid to the quantity of solutes dissolved in theliquid per unit volume of liquid phaseeffective porosity refers to the amount of interconnected pore spaceavailable for
35、fluid transmission. It is the ratio of the volume of the voids ofa soil or rock mass that can be drained by gravity to the total volume of themasselement see cellelevation head is equal to the elevation of the point above a datumfinite-difference method a numerical technique for solving a system ofe
36、quations using a rectangular mesh representing the aquifer and solvingfor the dependent variable in a piecewise mannerfinite-element method a numerical technique for solving a system ofequations using an irregular triangular or quadrilateral mesh representingthe aquifer and solving for the dependent
37、 variable in a continuous mannerflow gradient see hydraulic gradientfluid potential the mechanical energy per unit mass of a fluid at anygiven point in space and time with regard to an arbitrary state and datumflux the volume of fluid crossing a unit cross-sectional surface area perunit timeGLOSSARY
38、fracture a break in the mechanical continuity of a body of rock caused bystress exceeding the strength of the rockgrid see meshground water flow model an application of a mathematical model to thesolution of a site-specfic ground water flow problemhomogeneous medium a medium that exhibits essentiall
39、y the samephysical properties at every point throughout the mediumhydraulic conductivity rate of flow of water through unit cross-sectionof a medium per unit hydraulic gradienthydraulic gradient the loss of hydraulic head per unit distance of flowhydraulic head the elevation with respect to a specif
40、ied reference level atwhich water stands in a piezometer connected to the point in question inthe soilhydraulic properties properties of soil and rock that characterize theability to transmit and store ground waterhydrologic condition a set of ground water inflows or outflows, bound-ary conditions,
41、and altered hydraulic properties that cause potentiometricheads to adopt a distinct patternhydrologic properties see hydraulic propertiesimbition the absorption of a fluid, usually water, by a granular rock orany other porous medium, under the force of capillary attraction and inthe absence of any p
42、ressureinitial conditions values of the dependent variable defined at the begin-ning of a simulationinput information that is read into the computer code for executionisotropy or isotropic having the same properties in all directionsleakance the ratio of vertical hydraulic conductivity of a formatio
43、ndivided by thickness of the formationmathematical model the representation of a physical system by mathe-matical expressions from which the behavior of the system can be deducedwith known accuracymesh also called grid, the network of nodes that discretize the modeldomainmethod of characteristics a
44、numerical method to solve solute transportequations by constructing an equivalent system of ordinary differentialequations using the moving particles as reference pointsxviixviii QUALITY OF GROUND WATERmodel an assembly of concepts in the form of mathematical equationsthat portray understanding of a
45、 natural phenomenonnode also called nodal point, a location of point in the model domainwhere a dependent variable is computednumerical methods a set of procedures used to solve the equations ofthe mathematical model in which the applicable partial differential equa-tions are relaced by a set of alg
46、ebraic equations written in terms of discretevalues of state variables at discrete points in space and timenumerical model a model that uses numerical methods to solve a math-ematical model of the applicable problemoutput all information that is produced by the computer codepermeability see hydrauli
47、c conductivitypiezometer an instrument for measuring pressure headpiezometric head the hydraulic head of the flow system measuredwithin a piezometerporosity the ratio of the volume of voids of a given soil or rock mass tothe total volume of the soil or rock masspotential see total headpotentiometric
48、 head see piezometric headpressure head the height of a column of static water that can be sup-ported by the static pressure at the pointrandom walk a method of tracking particles with each particle advecteddeterministically and dispersed probabilisticallyrecharge inflow of water into the model doma
49、inrelative residence time see retardation factorresidual the difference between a simulated variable and its measuredcounterpartretardation factor the ratio of velocity at which a solute moves in thesystem to the velocity of ground waterseepage velocity also called pore velocity, the rate of discharge ofseepage water through a porous medium per unit area of void spaceperpendicular to the direction of flowsensitivity the degree to which the model result is affected by changes ina selected model inpu
